Helicobacter Pylori Disease: Peptic Ulcer

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human pathogen that is responsible for ulcers and stomach inflammation. The organism had been researched by several scientists around the world since 1875; however none of them was successfully culture it. Until 1982, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin Warren succeeded in observing the colonies, and thus became the first scientists to discover this bacterium. By self-testing, Dr. Marshall drank a liquid that contained H. pylori culture. A few days later, he got sick with many symptoms such as vomiting and nausea. After ten days, by undergoing endoscopy, he was able to confirm the role of H. pylori in causing gastritis. Then he and Dr. Warren also demonstrated the effect of

H. pylori is a narrow, curved, Gram-negative rod with polar flagella. It grows slowly in a microaerophilic atmosphere in a manner similar to Campylobacter. The bacteria have only recently be identified as the causative agent to gastric ulcers, a condition long believed to be the result of stress and lifestyle habits.

pylori appears to be humans, but it has also been isolated from non-human primates, domestic cats, pigs, sheep, and, more recently, the housefly. However, non-human primates are unlikely to be a significant route of transmission to humans, since there is limited contact between the two species, and there has been little evidence to suggest that domestic cats, pigs, or houseflies serve as vectors for H. pylori infection. Sheep, on the other hand, remain a possible source of transmission which warrants further investigation. While not yet confirmed, the most likely route of H. pylori transmission for the general population is from person to person through oral-oral, via saliva, dental plaque, and vomit, or through fecal-oral routes. Iatrogenic infection remains the only proven route of transmission of H. pylori, due to the difficulty of completely disinfecting an endoscope, but is unlikely to be the main route of transmission. Waterborne transmission of H. pylori may also be possible as H. pylori can live and remain infectious in milk and tap water for several days, especially in less-developed parts of the world where water is not treated

Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, is a spiral bacterium that lives inside the human stomach. H. pylori likes the acidic environment that the stomach provides and evidence has linked it to a variety of minor gastrointestinal illnesses. H. pylori causes inflammation in the lining of the stomach and is involved in 90% of stomach and intestinal ulcers. H. pylori also has an apparent cause to the development of adenocarcinoma, a common stomach cancer. J. Robin Warren first detected H. pylori in the stomachs of ulcer patients in 1979. Warren then isolated the microbe in a culture and tested it effects by swallowing some of the inoculum. A short-term case of gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the

Helicobacter pylori weaken the gastric layer, predispose the stomach to infection which can lead to achlorhydria. “The classic symptoms of GERD are heartburn, acid regurgitation, dysphagia, and belching”( over time cause narrowing and strictures. A person can experience reflux one hour after eating high fatty undigested meals, smoking (nicotine) and alcohol drinking, sore throat and asthma. Pressure on the diaphragm from pregnancy and obesity in male and female increases intra-abdominal pressure exposing the individual to reflux and heartburn. GERD can occur in infants, elderly, and at any age in between. Patient can take antacid (Tums) to neutralize the acidity, H2 blocker (cimetidine, famotidine, or ranitidine) decrease acid production in the stomach and Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) inhibit acid production from gastric parietal cells. Others treatment, Endoscopy of esophagus or stomach, to obtain a biopsies for (precancerous cells), pH monitoring rule out H. pylori infection, looking for edema, erosion, and bleeding. If blood loss is low, replace with

The disease typically develops after infections, especially streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract (Fu et al., 2005) .H. pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various extradigestive disorders. However, a few reports have described an association between gastric H. pylori infection and HSP (Cecchi and Torelli, 1998).

interdum works by capitalizing on its external structure. A. interdum uses its spiral- like shape to embed itself within the stomach lining and alter the acidic conditions of the stomach. Unlike H. pylori , which generally increases the acidity of the stomach by releasing gastric acid secretion, A. interdum works to lower the pH level. It has been found that gastrin, a hormone synthesized by G cells, is a proton pump inhibitor that controls the acidity of the stomach. In A. interdum, Gastrin is coded to slightly decrease the acidity of the stomach in the presence of H. pylori. Without the acidic conditions, H. pylori will die, therefore it will not be able to inflame the stomach lining. This creates optimal conditions for A. interdum. Reducing of inflammation is made possible as A. interdum penetrates the stomach lining and releases amino acids, which quickly causes re-growth of villi. As soon as the villi sense nutrients to be absorbed they begin to react. Once embedded in the stomach lining, A. interdum stay for approximately two weeks where it continues to grow adjacent to the villi. It is important to note that A. interdum grows at a rate three times as fast so it is always taller than the villi. A patient can then return to eating a regular diet, including gluten-containing foods, because A. interdum feeds on the amino acids in gluten and aids with the digestive process. After two weeks the bacteria detaches from the stomach lining and is processed through the rest

Explanations for the fast rise in occurrence of EAC involve the increasing prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux and obesity as well as the declining incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori infection is correlated with hypergastrinemia, the excess of gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is a hormone that is secreted by G cells situated in the gastric antrum and works on the parietal cells to trigger the production of hydrochloric acid. Constant hypergastrinemia due to daily PPI therapy contributes to the raised gastric acid-secretory capacity that is not obvious throughout PPI therapy, but that emerges quickly when the drug is stopped. Increased acid production due to hypergastrinemia poses a risk factor for development of

Helicobacter Pylori is a disease, which if untreated can cause ulcers. My disease [Helicobacter Pylori]. This is a disease in the stomach that causes severe stomach pain. I needed tough hope to conquer my painful story of Helicobacter Pylori.

Most of the T cells in the gastric mucosa differentiate into Th1 cytokines, the others become anergic. Anergy of T cells may be brought about by the interaction of T cells with the gastric epithelial cells that express B7-H1. B7-H1 is a costimulatory molecule that increases during H. pylori infection. In gastric epithelial cells the development of Treg cells from naïve T cells is brought about by exposure to H. pylori via induction of BH-71. This suggests that H. pylori might utilise the epithelium to promote the development of Treg cells which play a vital role in suppressing effector T cells. Because of this the existence on Treg cells in H. pylori infection may diminish the adaptive immune

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Pressure ulcers remain a major health problem affecting approximately 3 million adults.1 In 1993, pressure ulcers were noted in 280,000 hospital stays, and 11 years later the number of ulcers was 455,000.2 The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) report found from 1993 to 2003 a 63 percent increase in pressure ulcers, but the total number of hospitalizations during this time period increased by only 11 percent. Pressure ulcers are costly, with an average charge per stay of $37,800.2 In the fourth annual HealthGrades Patient Safety in American Hospitals Study, which reviewed records from about 5,000 hospitals from 2003 to 2005, pressure ulcers had one of the highest occurrence rates, along with failure to rescue and postoperative respiratory

In the past it was believed that gastric ulcers were caused by life style modifiable risk factors. The biggest culprit now is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. Pyloris is a bacterium commonly found in the gut. The bacteria breaks down the lining of the stomach. Then the stomach acid further breaks down the lining which causes the ulcer. This is the reason, unless contraindicated, most patient receives either a Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist or a proton pump inhibitor in the hospital. The GI symptoms that are present with gastric ulcers would decrease the appetite of the patient. Therefore the patient would encounter a digestion problem.

Identify (3) items related to the medical diagnosis that the RN can include in the teaching plan for this patient?

In today’s world, elderlies suffering with ulcers are very common. Ulcers are sores that occurs on the external surface or internal surface of the body, which is caused by a break in the skin that does not fully recover or fail to heal. Ulcers come in different forms, targeting different areas, due to different reasons with some slight similarities to them.. People with ulcers has many treatment options, depending on their case, stage, and kind of ulcer, for example stasis and pressure ulcer. Stasis and pressure ulcer are two ulcers that has lack of blood flow as a factor why it occurs, even though it gives a different outcome for both ulcers.