Helicobacter Pylori

into ammonia, and thus neutralizing the surrounding acidic environment. Also, H. pylori contains "hydrogenase" enzyme, which can oxidize molecules hydrogen being produced by other gastric bacteria, in order to produce energy. Some other enzymes that can be utilized by H. pylori are "oxidase" and "catalase", which are also used to test for the presence of this organism. It can also form "biofilm" on the gastric mucosa epithelium, which results in its ability to resist against many antimicrobials. From spiral form, it is able to convert into "coccoid form" - one of its advantage which helps in its survival and epidemic potential [5].

pylori. However, the second option omeprazole 20 mg twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and amoxicillin 500 mg twice daily, is better for the patient based on cost because it is less expensive and the patient has concerns about medication with less copay.

H. pylori thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach and the finding that this bacteria contributed to the condition was remarkable news and led to the standard practice of treating peptic ulcers with antibiotics. As a result, the rate of H. pylori-induced ulcers has dropped by more than 50 percent. (Ackerman, 2012)

pylori appears to be humans, but it has also been isolated from non-human primates, domestic cats, pigs, sheep, and, more recently, the housefly. However, non-human primates are unlikely to be a significant route of transmission to humans, since there is limited contact between the two species, and there has been little evidence to suggest that domestic cats, pigs, or houseflies serve as vectors for H. pylori infection. Sheep, on the other hand, remain a possible source of transmission which warrants further investigation. While not yet confirmed, the most likely route of H. pylori transmission for the general population is from person to person through oral-oral, via saliva, dental plaque, and vomit, or through fecal-oral routes. Iatrogenic infection remains the only proven route of transmission of H. pylori, due to the difficulty of completely disinfecting an endoscope, but is unlikely to be the main route of transmission. Waterborne transmission of H. pylori may also be possible as H. pylori can live and remain infectious in milk and tap water for several days, especially in less-developed parts of the world where water is not treated

The bacteria produce a toxin known as cytolethal distending toxin. This toxin is believed to be the cause of disease in humans, but it isn't fully understood. It is also suspected to be a causative agent in Guillain-Barre syndrome, a disease that causes neuron demyelination, but again its role is not specifically understood.

When found in the pyloric antrum H. pylori causes duodenal ulcers and when in the corpus, or body of the stomach, H. pylori can cause gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Helicobacter pylori can be detected by a blood test, urea breath test, stool antigen test, and/or stomach biopsy done during an endoscopy (“Helicobacter Pylori Tests”). When treating Helicobacter pylori, patients will typically be given three medications (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). The use of the three medications is called triple therapy (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). One example of a triple therapy used to treat H. pylori is the use of Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, along with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, antibiotics (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). However, a patient may be given substitute proton pump inhibitors, such as pantoprazole or rabeprazole, if they are allergic to omeprazole (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Substitute antibiotics may also be prescribed if the patient is allergic to amoxicillin, such as, metronidazole (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Through research, triple therapies have been found to have better results in curing H. pylori than monotherapies or dual therapies (Fuccio et al. 746-747). The triple therapy must be taken for at least seven days and in some cases up to 14 days (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Eating yogurt that contains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium has also been shown to increase the rate at which H. pylori is cured (“Helicobacter pylori,”

interdum works by capitalizing on its external structure. A. interdum uses its spiral- like shape to embed itself within the stomach lining and alter the acidic conditions of the stomach. Unlike H. pylori , which generally increases the acidity of the stomach by releasing gastric acid secretion, A. interdum works to lower the pH level. It has been found that gastrin, a hormone synthesized by G cells, is a proton pump inhibitor that controls the acidity of the stomach. In A. interdum, Gastrin is coded to slightly decrease the acidity of the stomach in the presence of H. pylori. Without the acidic conditions, H. pylori will die, therefore it will not be able to inflame the stomach lining. This creates optimal conditions for A. interdum. Reducing of inflammation is made possible as A. interdum penetrates the stomach lining and releases amino acids, which quickly causes re-growth of villi. As soon as the villi sense nutrients to be absorbed they begin to react. Once embedded in the stomach lining, A. interdum stay for approximately two weeks where it continues to grow adjacent to the villi. It is important to note that A. interdum grows at a rate three times as fast so it is always taller than the villi. A patient can then return to eating a regular diet, including gluten-containing foods, because A. interdum feeds on the amino acids in gluten and aids with the digestive process. After two weeks the bacteria detaches from the stomach lining and is processed through the rest

In the past it was believed that gastric ulcers were caused by life style modifiable risk factors. The biggest culprit now is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. Pyloris is a bacterium commonly found in the gut. The bacteria breaks down the lining of the stomach. Then the stomach acid further breaks down the lining which causes the ulcer. This is the reason, unless contraindicated, most patient receives either a Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist or a proton pump inhibitor in the hospital. The GI symptoms that are present with gastric ulcers would decrease the appetite of the patient. Therefore the patient would encounter a digestion problem.

Torpy, J. M., Lynm, C., & Golub, R. M. (2012). Peptic ulcer disease. JAMA, 307(12), 1329.

Bacteria can spread from person to person when someone comes into contact with fecal matter from an infected person or animal.

Helicobacter pylori are a species of epsilon proteobacteria which colonizes the harsh environment of the human stomach. Its name refers to both its spiral shape (Helicobacter) and the area of the lower stomach which it habitually colonizes: the gateway (pylorus) between the stomach and small intestine (Meyers, 2007). This bacterium is thought to be present within up to 50% of the human population and has been linked to the development of a number of different medical conditions (Chalmers et al. 2004). This report will provide

pylori in a common infection, the host undergoes a period of rapid bacterial duplication and subsequent inflammation following colonization of the viscous mucus layer of the stomach. The penetration of the layer is assisted by the bacteria’s flagella and spiral morphology. The low oxygen level and neutral pH of the mucus act as a prime environment for the microaerophilic H. pylori. (Kusters, 2006) Preferably a lumenal pathogen, host cells are rarely invaded by the microbial. Associated with the inflammation is hypochlorhydria that can persist for months, during which the pathogen is released through fecal shedding in large amounts. After at least a few weeks, an immune response develops but it is not very effective in removing H. pylori. Eventually the inflammation subsides to a stable state and the infection becomes asymptomatic but may persist for decades. (Blaser,

Prevalence of duodenal and gastric ulcers in patients with liver cirrhosis increases as the disease progress[11] and this prevalence becomes higher in decompensated cirrhosis than in compensated cirrhosis [12]. Currently, PPIs are the mainstay treatment option of peptic ulcers in the

Answer: I used emedicine to reference more statistical history on H. pylori and its common applications in relation to the ulcer bug currently. Using the same data that was gathered from the study referenced on D2L the protocols for treatment have vastly improved over the last couple years. I thought about the long term effect that antibiotic treatment of this bacteria and how the bacteria itself “burrows” itself into the stomach mucosa thus causing the ulceration. The article I read also mentioned that this specific bacteria is also responsible for inflammation in the duodenum (part of the small intestine). In summation there also is a higher risk for stomach cancer and lymphoma also associated with this bug.

An example of a flagellated bacterium is the ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori, which uses multiple flagella to propel itself through the mucus lining to reach the stomach