Helping Adult Hypertenstive Patients with Difficulty Swallowing

Aspirin, Caffeine and Salicylamide were extracted from an over-the-counter pain reliever (BC Powder). These components were separated by manipulating their solubilities by adjusting the acidity and basicity of the solution. By doing this, the three components were forced into conjugate acid (or base) forms, causing selective solubility in either an aqueous or organic solvent. These layers were then separated by use of a separation funnel. Once separated, the components extracted were characterized by measuring the melting point and performing a TLC analysis. Also, the recovered aspirin from the first part of the experiment was recrystallized and compared to that of the

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.

One time free registration is required to access the information. Based on one’s specialty the home page is individualized as well as the drug and interaction information can be accessed offline, making the app useful for a wide range of users. This free drug reference application gives prescribing and safety information for thousands of brand, generic and over-the-counter medicines. It offers drug information, interactions, provider directory, pill identification, continuous medical education and medical news. Another feature that would be very useful is the availability of tables and calculators to check various measurements and risks such as body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, intracranial bleeding risk from thrombolytic therapy of myocardial infarction and weight based dose calculator. There is easily accessible information on pregnancy risk categories, metabolism, excretion, drug class and mechanism of action. Users can check for potentially harmful

Derivatives such as clofibrate and fenofibrate contain ester are considered as prodrugs which hydrolyzed in vivo.

The hygroscopic nature of a drug is a risk for good aerosolization since moisture uptake can result in agglomeration (Hoppentocht et al., 2015). On the other hand, hydrophobic coating improves the flowability of cohesive powders (Hickey et al., 1990; Yang et al., 2005).

WHO defines fixed dose combination (FDC) as ‘a combination of two or more actives in a fixed ratio of doses’. In other words, FDC includes two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) combined in a single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses. WHO has made it clear that, fixed ratio combination products are acceptable only when the dosage of each ingredient meets the requirement of a defined population group and when the combination has a proven advantage over single compounds administered separately in therapeutic effect, safety or compliance. Accordingly, 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, contains only 27 FDCs out of 414 total medicines. On the contrary, Indian pharmaceutical market is flooded with unnecessary, expensive, hazardous, irrational FDCs. Recent ban by MoHFW on 344 FDCs has again brought attention to these irrational formulations in market. The need of a drug policy guiding the rational use of FDC drugs is stressed more than ever. The following policy brief will address the possible actionable policy options for rational use of FDC drugs. These will include legal, regulatory and promotional measures, which will reinforce and expand the efforts of the Government to ensure that, the irrational FDCs are not manufactured, prescribed, sold or used.

The formulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals are develop according to the techniques and procedures uses in developing human drug dosage form as the fundamental pharmaceuticals development techniques required is similar. Examples of such practice include preformulation data package, drug stability assessment and expiry date, sterility declaration, drug pharmaco kinetics, and manufacturing processes. Veterinary drug products are also exposed to the same Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the human drug products. (Gregory E. Hardee, 1998)

The % transmittance values of dispersions are given in Table II. These studies indicated that tween 80 had good ability to emulsify oleic acid followed by labrasol, while span 20 failed to emulsify oleic acid.

The conception of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System developed from the desire to provide patient with conventional methods of taking their medication. Owing to physiological alterations associated with, especially, elderly and pediatrics are quite unable to swallow (Dysphagia). Rather, this is a common problem for all age groups patients. Solid dosage forms that can be disintegrated, suspended, or dissolved by saliva in the mouth resulting in easy swallowing can give significant benefits to the pediatric and geriatric population, in addition to other patients who prefer the convenience of easily swallows able dosage forms. This tablet disintegrates immediately when placed on tongue, releasing the drug that disperses or dissolves in the saliva.

Botryoidal-shaped crystallized xylitol powder produced considerably harder tablets (maximum hardness of 43 N at 2000 psi) than commercial xylitol (maximum hardness of 17 N at 1500 psi) (Fig. 9–a). This could be related to the improved flow properties for crystallized xylitol in comparison to commercial xylitol (CI: 4.7 ± 0.2% versus 10.7 ± 0.6%) (Table 1).

C.P.Jain and P.S. Naruka. Formulation and Evaluation of Fast dissolving Tablets of Valsartan. International Journal of pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 1. Issue 1. July-Sept 2009

The selection of an appropriate dosage form is critical because a dosage form with poor drug delivery can make a useful drug worthless. A large percent of these new chemical entities (NCEs) in addition to many existing parent drugs often show poor solubilization behaviour which lead to poor oral bioavailability with wide intra- and inter- subject variation and present formulators with considerable technical challenges. [1] Many approaches have been meticulously explored to improve the oral bioavailability of such drugs including particle size reduction (micronization or nanosizing), complexation, and modification of the physicochemical properties. [2, 3]

Pulmonary drug delivery of peptides and proteins is highly desirable because of many advantages such as rapid and predictable onset of action, high relative bioavailability and non-invasive mode of administration which improves patient compliance. In the current study the effect of sugar carrier type (trehalose as non-reducing and maltose as reducing sugar), hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin concentration (0%, 0.02% and 0.04%) and adding tween 80 as surfactant on physicochemical stability and aerosol performance of spray freeze dried salmon calcitonin was investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that cyclodextrin concentration had the most important effect on powder’s chemical stability and by increasing the concentration of cyclodextrin stability of the formulations increase dramatically. Based on the chemical stability data four formulations (chemical stability over than 90% ) was selected for further examinations. Fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism data suggest that these chemically stable formulations are structurally stable too. Aerosol performance data shows that surfactant-free formulations produce higher fine particle fraction (approximately 70%) than surfactant containing formulations (approximately 50%). It may be due to the more cohesive structure of surfactant containing formulations.

In the present study development of a polymer-based matrix tablet was undertaken to produce a sustained-release dosage form of Acebrophylline, since this dosage forms is relatively simple and cheap to produce when compared to other. Different batches of drug Acebrophylline tablets were manufactured by wet granulation technique, and evaluated for Pharmacopoeial and non-Pharmacopoeial specifications. Dissolution testing was undertaken using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle Type), which allowed for a more realistic assessment and prediction of in vitro drug release rates. Samples were analysed using a high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC). Formulation F5 shows optimum drug release. Drug and rate retarding polymers ratio used in this formulation were Methocel K100 LV (14.86% w/w) and Methocel K4M (10.14%w/w), in ratio (5.4:1.34:1). The results of in vitro drug release studies were treated with zero order, first order kinetics, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell and Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. In our experiments, the in‐vitro release profiles of drug from all the formulations could be best expressed by Higuchi’s equation, as the plots showed high linearity (r2= 0.972 to 0.999 ) to confirm the diffusion mechanism. The data were fitted into Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. All formulations F1 to F6 showed high linearity (r2= 0.969 to 0.998), with slope (n) values ranging from 0.383 to 0.683. This indicates that F1,F2 and F3 shows purely diffusion and F4, F5 and F6 shows coupling of diffusion and

The purpose of the present research work was to design, formulate and evaluate the floating tablets of Stavudine, a gastro retentive drug delivery system. Direct compression was used to prepare the tablets using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 974(p) as polymers. Formulations were prepared by varying the amount of polymers. The compatibility of drug with the polymers is identified by using FTIR studies. Gastric floating of Stavudine tablets results from effervescence produced by the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid in stomach. Twelve formulations of floating tablets were prepared using direct compression technique with polymer such as carbopol974 (p), HPMC grades, Xanthum gum, Guar gum, chitosan in different ratios. The evaluation results revealed that all formulations comply with the specification of official pharmacopoeias and/or standard reference with respect to general appearance, content uniformity, hardness, friability and buoyancy. Out of all the formulation developed, formulation F8 containing of Carbopol showed in vitro drug release of 97.8% upto desired time period of i.e., 24 hours. Thus it is summarized; carbopol grades can be used in formulation of gastro retentive floating drug delivery