Hemlock Tree Research Paper

“The Condor’s Shadow,” written by David S. Wilcove, is a book about the conservation of wildlife in America. It describes multiple species that have been in danger of extinction, or gone extinct. The book goes into depth on how these animals came to the brink of extinction and why they couldn’t be saved or the measures taken to restore them. One of the major themes throughout the book was habitat destruction in forests and aquatic ecosystems alike. This led to the extinction of some species. When it comes to the destruction of forests it affects not only the animals but the trees as well. Many trees

The affect of environmental issues occur everyday and in particular deforestation is becoming a highly ranked subject. From animals to the human race, the alacrity of trees that are cut down affects every individual in a variety of ways. Not only do people need to help the planet but they need to help themselves and further generations to come, such as children and grandchildren because these natural resources that are being taken away from society are as well shaping the future. For comprehensible reasons, forests use to make up the world, until man made creatures started to destroy and destruct the most important supply to human kind which are trees. Trees are crucial to every living entity for the reason of providing oxygen to all.

Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation organization budgeted for and planned a way to help save this tree species. For the past couple years, biannual Ash tree treatments have been in place to help save the Ash trees of Fort Wayne. This past summer 647 Ash trees in Fort Wayne were treated to prevent the Ash Borer from killing them. Because this treatment is a biannual treatment, only half of the population of Ash trees was treated the summer of 2013. The other half of the population was treated the previous summer and will be treated again in the summer of 2014. (City of Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation, 2013) Davey Resource group was the lowest bidder and took on the project of treating the Ash trees. “Davey Resource Group provides a full range of natural resource and utility consulting services to the commercial, residential, municipal and governmental markets.” (Davey)

Insecticides have been used to try to control the emerald ash borer. However, there are guidelines for the use of these chemicals. There is a per acre use limit which means that all ash trees in the same area can be treated more than once in a year with the same chemical. Before treating an area one should pro-rate the acre use limit to match the size of the treatment area in order to control the concentration of the chemicals being used. Insecticides used against the borer may be soil applied, trunk injected and cover sprays. The soil applied treatment has been tested and has proved to be very inconsistent. Therefore, environmental activists concerned about the use of insecticides moved towards using a trunk injected treatment, but this has too been proven inconsistent in their trials. Cover sprays, however, seem to be providing mediocre results. While this treatment

The government of Canada has decided to implement a 30 year plan, which will cost over 2 billion dollars, it includes using insecticides and traps to eliminate Emerald Ash Borers and further infections in ash trees. Another negative effect is Emerald Ash Borer’s ability to consume white fringe tree, a close relative of ash trees, which is a sign that Emerald Ash Borers might be able to infect different types of tree in the future. Emerald Ash Borer has caused a slowdown in Canada’s forestry industry due to the death of many ash trees, which will mean slower economic growth for Canada, since we rely a lot on forestry products. Emerald Ash Borer has been increasing in population rapidly due to a lack of enough predators. As Emerald Ash Borer continue to threaten our forests, which has provided us with camping grounds, shade, and oxygen for years will be at risk. Ash trees are also an important part in preventing clogged river, streams, and water-treatment plant because of soil slides resulting from rain. Trees normally holds on to the soil to prevent clogged rivers and streams, but with Emerald Ash Borers wiping out million of ash tree and putting billions more at risk, it could disrupt the delicate balance between trees and soil. Researchers expect ash tree mortality rates will have ecological impacts on animals that rely on ash

The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is a highly destructive invasive beetle which attacks and kills all species of ash. The emerald ash borer has already killed millions of trees in North America and is on track to kill many more. Emerald Ash Borer was first discovered in North America in 2002. It is thought to have been shipped to Canada in untreated wooden packaging materials. The range of Emerald Ash Borer in Ontario is rapidly expanding through the movement of infested materials.

The ancient forests of the Northeast aren’t the only aspect of the bioregion that’s fate have been at perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for “60% of the total land area, and in New England alone, the coverage is 80%”. Still the species that exist within the understory of the forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the introduction of non-native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the forests have changed drastically as an example, “…the American chestnut once made up as much as 25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern forests”. The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

Wood field club is situated in Florida, Boca Raton. It is one type of resort cum club. Wood field’s resort style club has a magnificent grounds and it is located in central location in the community, which gives easy access for everyone.

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The red necked cane borer, Agrilus ruficollis (F.), is a buprestid beetle that infests wild and cultivated blackberries and raspberries in the eastern states from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Adults are about 6-7 mm (1/4 inch) long, with an iridescent coppery pronotum. A related species, Agrilus rubicola, may occur concurrently. This species is uniform in color, ranging from copper-colored to iridescent green. On galled plants, there is less live vegetative growth and more dead wood. There is often reduced berry size and number, as well as vegetative growth with increasing number of galls per plant. Affected canes may not produce fruit. Canes weakened by galls are more subject to winter injury.

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) has long been recognized as a major producer of timber along with providing habitat and browse for numerous animal species such as deer (Cervidae spp.) and elk (Cervus canadensis) (Packee 1990). Western hemlock is known to grow like a weed throughout most of its range which makes it an important species for esthetic backgrounds for many national parks in the United States and Canada. Western hemlock as a long range along the Pacific coast; extending along the Coastal Ranges from central California all the way up to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. This covers a distance around 2,000 miles making it a dominant species within British Columbia and in Alaska along the coastal zones. Western hemlock is also found inland occupying the upper eastern slopes of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington and has been found in the northern Rocky Mountains west of

The Asian and Citrus Longhorned Beetles was accidentally brought to the US from China through solid wood shipments. The movement of lumber and firewood around the continent is also responsible for the rapid spread of the invasive longhorned beetles. These beetles favorite prey are maples, birches, buckeye, elm and willow trees. Longhorned beetles mainly fed on citrus trees in China, but these trees in the US are similar enough to serve as alternative food.

The insect is an Asian import that has no known predators or chemical controls in this United States. The story goes further into the insect infestation and follows the people who try to save the trees and prevent any more deaths. An arborist, Will Blozan, discovered Woolly adelgid on the branches of a wild hemlock in the Ellicott Rock Wilderness in December of 2001. Preston takes this story further by describing the Cataloochee Valley, what it is like to climb 160-ft trees with an arborist and what it is like to witness such

However, this is not the first hit that the eastern hemlock has taken. As it headed north after the last glacier, it was flourishing as never before. Then something catastrophic happened. By looking at pollen records, researchers discovered that about 5,500 years ago, the eastern hemlock almost disappeared. For whatever reason, during a span of about 1,500 years, there was almost no hemlock. Then, just as mysteriously, it staged a massive comeback that has mostly lasted until the 1950's.