Hemoglobin A1c as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes

Hemoglobin A1c. Her number is concerning because it indicates that her blood sugar has been way too high over the past few months. The A1c is an indication of glycosylation in the body which is damaging to the blood vessels and peripheral nerves. It causes thickening of the basement membrane which will impair oxygen transport to the tissues and carbon dioxide removal.

An A1C test will provide the average blood glucose levels for the past three months, this test will measure the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin (NIH, 2016). What you are looking for in an A1C test is for the percentage to be below 5.7, if the level is 6.5 percent or higher then it means you have diabetes (Mayo Clinic, n.d). A random blood sugar test is when it can be taken anytime. If the results show a level of 200 mg/dl or higher it indicates you have diabetes if you are below 200 mg/dl, you do not have diabetes (Diabetes co UK, n.d). A fasting blood sugar test needs to be taken after eight hours of no food; these are preferably done in the morning. Someone with a result of 99 or below is at no risk, 100 to 125 is pre-diabetes and 126 or above means you have diabetes (NIH,n.d).In order to take an oral glucose tolerance test you must eat for at least 8 hours prior taking the test. The normal level is between 139 or below, 140 to 199 is pre-diabetes, 200 and above means, you have diabetes (NIH,

When teaching the patient, timing is crucial. I plan about 30 minutes for this teaching lesson because it allows more time for patient to learn new the information. First, I will demonstrate how the machine works and how to apply blood on the test strip while I maintained aseptic technique. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by persons with diabetes is an integral part of intensive glycemic treatment and is widely believed to improve the control of blood glucose levels and health outcomes. For some meter machine, the accuracy can be affected by interfering substances (medication), temperature, hematocrit level, and user technique. In addition, the accuracy of blood glucose meters

Although heredity plays an important role whether a person inherits diabetes and to what extent, it can be controlled through useful methods that are affordable. By changing environmental risk factors, people can reduce their risk of developing diabetes. Increasing awareness of diabetes which is a major setback for some socio-economical background and rural areas as not enough awareness is made to the general public. Identifying people at risk for the disease is also another

Self-reported data are collected through questionnaires, interviews, or telephone surveys rather than clinical examinations and biometrical analyses. The advantages of using questionnaire in epidemiological studies are low cost and relatively high efficiency in data collection. Self-reported diagnosis of diabetes has been found to be a valid tool to evaluate people’s diabetes status in recent studies

From the graph, it can be concluded that student 4 is diabetic. After the administration of a standard dose of glucose, this student seems to have a very similar plasma glucose concentration (PGC) to that of a diabetic from the population average glucose tolerance test. After 30 minutes, the plasma glucose concentration of student 4 seems to be higher than that of a diabetic, as it’s 14.2mmol/l, however it slowly decreases overtime but remains relatively high at 120 minutes.

Monitoring your blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) helps you to manage your diabetes. It also helps you and your health care provider monitor your diabetes and determine how well your treatment plan is working.

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar properly, or becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, also causing blood sugar to rise. High blood sugar is characteristic of diabetes. People who have diabetes have to take insulin shots or supplements in order to give their body enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. In Type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to insulin, and so it allows blood sugar to rise to high levels (Winter 2002). Gestational diabetes is a temporary diabetes that develops in previously non-diabetic pregnant women and causes their blood sugar to rise during their pregnancy.

I will decrease my weight by 15 pounds and exercise for 30-60 minutes/day within the next 6 months. The reason I chose this nursing diagnosis is because, my increased HgbA1C levels were elevated due to the fact of my poor nutritional habits which caused me to gain a few pounds that is out of my normal weight range. I am currently in the 6th phase of the Seven Phases of Planned Changed, which includes the change is accepted and stabilized. I’m currently at the point of realizing the importance of maintaining a normal HgbA1C level. Maintaining a normal HgbA1C level (4.8-5.6) decreases the risk of a person developing diabetes mellitus along with microvascular and macrovascular complications that may affect the eyes, kidneys, heart, integumentary, and sensory. Therefore, maintaining a well-balanced HgbA1C decreases my risk of developing coronary heart disease (stroke, MI), peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy (blindness), diabetic neuropathy (amputations, numbness and tingling, pain), obesity, and diabetic nephropathy (renal failure). A well-balanced diet will maintain my blood glucose within the normal target range as stated above. The nursing intervention for this nursing diagnosis is to establish goals for weight loss and exercise, because a moderate weight loss of 10-20 pounds has shown to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Exercise should be performed for 30 minutes for moderate physical activity on most days of the week (Gulanick/Myers, 2007, p.

The A1C test is a blood test done to diagnose diabetes and see how well your diabetes self-management plan is working. When your numbers get high, it increases your risk of developing diabetes related complications, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. Discover 4 simple ways to get your A1C down.

The study obtained data from Taiwan NHI research database. The study followed a cohort of 600,662 of people 20 years or older from the year 2000 until the year 2005 with consideration to income and wealth level. The study focused on people enrolled in the NHI determined to be diabetes free three years prior to the initiation of the study. The researchers followed the cohort from 2000 to 2005 in order to determine diabetes incidence and diabetic care disparity between people with varied income levels. The NHI created a database for research purposes. The researchers accessed the database for the duration of the study and followed the selected cohort to determine diabetes incidence and disparity in diabetes care (Hsu et al., 2012).

The study chose a representative sample from Taiwan’s NHI research database. The participants were aged 20 years and older and were determined non diabetics for at least 3 years prior to the initiation of the

Investigating haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood samples using the haemoglobincyanide method and in foetal haemoglobin samples

Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels Maintaining normal blood glucose levels greatly reduces the risk of experiencing complications due to diabetes. Whether an individual has Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, regular use of a glucose monitor to determine blood sugar levels will help determine what adjustments to diet, oral medications, or insulin injections may be necessary to achieve good control. What's Glucose?

The term ‘’Carbohydrates’’ is defined as the carbon compounds which contains hydroxyl groups in large quantities (King, 2013). Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which have the empirical formula CnH2nOn, or (CH2O)n (Fromm 1997). Carbohydrates are one of the four types of organic compounds in living cells that are produces during photosynthesis and are the important source of energy in both plants and animals (Ahmed 2014). They are built from monosaccharides. These monosacchradies are the small molecules that consists of three to nine carbon atoms and differ in size and in the stereochemical configuration at one or more carbon centers. The simplest carbohydrates also contain either an aldehyde or ketone compounds (freeman 2002). Carbohydrates are classified as simple and complex carbohydrates. The classification of carbohtdydrates is based on the chemical structure of the food and how fast it absorbs. Simple carbohydrates contains single or double sugars in their chemical structure whereas complex carbohydrates consists of three or more sugars (ahmed 2014). There are four major types of carbohydrates depending on their chemical composition.