Hepataminophen Research Paper

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

The pathogenesis behind the toxicity in Acetaminophen overdose is a result of chemical induced liver damage, hepatotoxicity. More specifically, this medication is metabolized in the liver, when there are large amounts of acetaminophen in the body the liver because depleted of it enzymes used to break down this medication. As a result the medication accumulates, causing hepatocellular necrosis

Ketamine (Ketamine Hydrochloride) is a drug that has been used for many decades, since 1963 as an anesthetic. It is the most preferred anesthetic compound since it can induce anesthesia in 1-2 minutes after administration. It also maintains homeostasis during the time that the patient is unconscious. Recent breakthroughs in research have proven its use as a rapid anti-depressant in patients suffering from Treatment Resistant Depression and has been considered a miracle. It can alleviate the symptoms of depression within hours of being administered at a low dosage and its effects are long lasting as well. Even though several drugs have been invented for treating depression, depression

What started off as a sedative drug Ketamine walked out of a clinic and on to the streets as a recreational drug known as “Special K”.

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic developed in the early 1960s and used in human and veterinary medicine. The drug is primarily used for anesthesia. It can be injected, consumed in drinks, snorted, or added to cigarettes. Ketamine was placed on the list of controlled substances in the US in 1999. Users describe the high from ketamine as a pleasant sensation of floating or a dissociative state of being separated from their bodies. Like any other drug it has short and long term effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, numbness, depression, amnesia, hallucinations and potentially fatal respiratory problems. In the 1950s, phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an intravenous general anesthetic, but because

Things such as these may mean that something is wrong with you. Though these may be a sign and symptom of some other diseases, the most common culprit why you experience such is because of histamine intolerance. To help prevent the situation, you must submit yourself on a histamine intolerance diet. But what is this anyway? And how does it affect your health and your eating consumption?

Emerging evidence indicates that free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of several digestive system disorders as well as in the regulation of biological processes such as aging. Previous reports have indicated that opioids induce apoptosis via stimulating an oxidative stress pathway that is associated with the production of superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) [11]. NO, together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), has a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis and necrosis in various cells. Hsiao et al. investigated the role of NO and ROS in the morphine-induced apoptosis. They found that the morphine treatment enhanced apoptosis through both NO and ROS pathways [12]. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme is one of the most important enzymes involved in the generation of NO from the amino acid L-arginine.

Acetaminophen(AMP), or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), is one of the most frequently used medications in the United States. Its use alone or in combination preparations is widespread because of its analgesic and antipyretic properties and presumed safety in recommended doses. Acetaminophen is metabolized by hepatocytes. It is usually eliminated as a glucuronide or sulfate conjugate. Following overdose, however, the conjugation pathways become saturated, leading to accumulation of reactive intermediates such as N-acetyl-benzoquinoneimine, mercapturic acid, and probably others1.These reactions involve the cytochrome oxidase P-450 system, and the metabolites are normally detoxified by endogenous glutathione. When glutathione stores are depleted, hepatocyte necrosis ensues, typically with a centrilobular distribution. Liver necrosis can result from an acute overdose of a large amount of APAP, or from accumulation over several days. In case of our patient unintentional overdose due to the presumed safety of acetaminophen appeared to be the likely cause. Outcomes in cases of acetaminophen overdose are dependent upon several factors, including the amount of drug ingested and the time period between ingestion and initiation of drug-specific therapy. In cases of delayed treatment, death from irreversible liver failure due to the hepatotoxic effects of reactive acetaminophen intermediates may occur. Thrombocytopenia, as observed in our patient, is a well-reported clinical feature of acetaminophen toxicity and strongly correlates with the degree of hepatotoxicity, although it does not correlate with serum acetaminophen levels.2 Thus, the finding of thrombocytopenia early in the course of acetaminophen toxicity may help in identifying patients prone to severe hepatotoxicity. Acute renal failure, as observed in our patient, occurs in less than 2% of all acetaminophen poisonings and 10% of severely

Ketamine can come in a variety of forms which include liquid, powder, and tablet or capsules. When in liquid form, it is taken how it is medically using a syringe. Usually people that are given it medically take it in small doses but people that use it to get high will most likely overdose for a better effect. Powder is another form in which ketamine can come in. It looks like a white dust and kind of looks like cocaine. It can have small bumpy bits as well. The last two forms it can come are tablet or capsule. Both these forms can look like a normal tablet or capsule but might have the letter K engraved to shows its ketamine.

Drug induced liver injury is responsible for 5% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all acute liver failures. More than 75 percent of cases of idiosyncratic drug reactions result in liver transplantation or death.[30] This health problem is expected to increase as the number of drugs being consumed increases, both prescription and non-prescription, as well as due to the current trend of usage of pharmacologically active substances in complementary and alternative medicine Drug induced hepatotoxicity is the most common reason cited for withdrawal of already approved drugs from the market. It also accounts for more than 50 percent of cases of acute liver failure in the United States. The exact incidence of drug induced liver injury is difficult

Substance abuse has a major influence on individuals, families, and communities. The effects of substance abuse are cumulative, significantly contributing public health problems.

What is a hallucinogen? A hallucinogen are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations. They were first drug that was found was lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Which was first discovered in 1938. A hallucination is either hearing,smelling, or seeing something that is not present or real. Hallucinogens are usually drugs that are: swallowed as a pill, swallowing a liquid, consuming raw, brewing into tea, snorting, injecting, inhaling, or absorbing.

Acetaminophen (also known as Paracetamol) is an acylated aromatic amide and is an analgesic drug used as in many cold and flu medications [1]. At At therapeutic doses, Acetaminophen is metabolized to to paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulfate, and are then excreted in the urine [10]. A minor component of APAP is also oxidized by the microsomal cytochrome P450 system, predominantly by Cyp2E1 and Cyp1A2 [11], to form a reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) [12]. This minor metabolite is typically harmless, since it is mostly conjugated with glutathione and excreted in bile [13,

Dogma ketamine on the central nervous system causes an increase in cerebral oxygen consumption, cerebral blood flow, and increased intracranial pressure. Ketamine memvasodilatasi blood vessels of the brain that lead to an increase in cerebral blood flow as much as 62-80%. This effect was reduced when diazepam, midazolam, ketamine or thiopental is given before. This effect impeding the use of ketamine in patients with intracranial space occupying lesions in or head trauma. This publication offers convincing evidence that when combined with benzodiazepines (or other agents that work on the GABA receptor), and ventilation control, but not with nitrous oxide, ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure. Psikotomimetik side effects (such as

Hallucinogen is a title commonly given to drugs that are mind-altering. This category of drug includes those which cause a variety of side-effects, most commonly temporary distortions to one’s view of reality. Hallucinogens are commonly used for recreation, along with in some cultures as religious practices (“What Is A Hallucinogen?”).