UNDERSTANDING HEPATITIS B EXPERIMENTS and GAY CANCER
Makori
A bloodmobile searched for gay volunteers for the experiments, 10,000 men gave blood samples and the experimenters found that ½ were positive for Hepatitis B. But only 1,000 were inoculated with a suspected contaminated batch.
The first cases of AIDS appeared shortly after the experiment began in Manhattan. In June 1981 the epidemic became official and quickly labeled the "gay related immune deficiency syndrome", later known as AIDS.
Before 1978 there was no stored blood anywhere in the U.S. that tested positive for HIV or the KS virus. There were no cases of AIDS and no cases of "gay cancer" in young men. The Hepatitis B vaccine experimentation began in new
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Green monkey kidney cells were used to grow and research viruses for vaccine. The first trials of OPV took place in the belgian congo which is now the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1957-1960.
“When interviewed by Curtis, Hilary Koprowski, the polio-vaccine pioneer who mounted that massive campaign, could not recall or find documentary evidence as to whether his group had used kidney cells from green monkeys or Asian macaques” 900,000 people received it, enough to start an epidemic.
Mass vaccination is the most likely cause of the epidemic. “A specific pool of Koprowski's vaccine was later shown to have been contaminated by an unknown virus.” This vaccine was given to over one million people from 1957-1960 and coincidentally there is no documented case of HIV or AIDS related infections before 1959.
Koprowski’s polio vaccine was given to many children less than one month old, before their immune systems were fully developed.” many of the children were given 15 times the recommended dosage to insure
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“some way must be found to permit the SIV to remain at high levels in people for long enough that such spontaneous mutations might take place. He suggests that the required mechanism is "serial passaging" of virus through unsterile needles. That is, a cut hunter might get an injection while he is still harboring large numbers of viral particles in his bloodstream; that same needle would then be used to infect another person, who might soon receive a second injection, and so forth. High viral population levels can thus be maintained in a series of different people getting shots. With each transfer via contaminated needle, the virus finds itself in a fresh host, with an opportunity to proliferate before the infected person can mount an immune response. Chance mutations can thus accumulate, and eventually the SIV adapts, becoming HIV.”
Due to the colonization and urbanization of Africa the disease began to spread quickly, inventions like the car and poor hygiene in hospitals allowed the space for the disease to become more widespread. This theory cannot be confirmed nor refuted due to the fact that SIV screenings for the polio vaccine were not available until 1985 more than 25 years after the beginning of the mass
Polio an American story is a scholarly readable and informative book which covers the lives of many American eminent scientists who struggled a lot to eradicate polio. This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This book also covers the entire topics from appearance of polio symptoms to post polio syndrome which shows the valuable thesis done by David M. Oshinsky.
With the last outbreak of Polio in the US being in 1979, many today have no recollection of the terror of this disease. The disease primarily infected children, and there seemed to be no pattern to who succumbed to it. No one could feel safe. Polio as a disease presents such horrors that even those who overcome it once can be plagued by its aftereffects in later life. Before vaccines, single outbreaks could devastate entire communities. One outbreak
HIV and AIDS have affected millions of people throughout the world. Since 1981, there have been 25 million deaths due to AIDS involving men, women, and children. Presently there are 40 million people living with HIV and AIDS around the world and two million die each year from AIDS related illnesses. The Center for Disease Control estimates that one-third of the one million Americans living with HIV are not aware that they have it. The earliest known case of HIV was in 1959. It was discovered in a blood sample from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Looking further into the genetics of this blood sample researchers suggested that it had originated from a virus going back to the late 1940’s or early 1950’s. In 1999,
Polio had already killed 3,000 people at its peak rate in 1952; sadly, it had already paralyzed thousands of more people (Soylent 1)On April 12, 1955 the polio vaccine developed by Salk was allowed to be used by the public after it had been tested with 1.8 million children (Biography 1). The vaccine had drastically reduced the number of polio cases in children by 90%; 57,000 cases were recorded in 1952 and less than one thousand cases a decade later (Soylent 1). In addition, Jonas Salk later established his own institution for research named Salk Center for Biological Studies in 1963. The institution “remains one of the world's most prestigious facilities for research into AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's
On October 22nd, 2007 The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention posted a web article which admitted that polio vaccines contained a cancer-causing virus. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also known as the CDC, deleted the post within the week it was posted. The National Center for Biotech Information Center confirms that Micro biologist Maurice Hilleman discovered Simian Virus 40 was contained in polio vaccines administrated from 1995. (Hilleman) The CDC stated that the virus was removed from the vaccine in 1961. Records show that contaminated vaccines were used until 1963 and were used in different parts of the world until the 1980’s. (Varmus) As a result of the 98 million people given a polio vaccine; 30 million received the contaminated dose. (Hilleman) On May 10th, 2002 a Pathologist by the name of Dr. Michelle Cabone tested the
It wasn’t until 1989 that scientists discovered the presence of HIV in the blood in AIDS patients. Scientists then transferred their efforts towards treating HIV. This spurred a research on a global scale as this breakthrough in the now HIV/AIDS epidemic has come to the light. The now FDA and CDC were major
In 1977 Dr Jonas Salk (inventor of the Salk polio vaccine) testified with other scientists that 87% of the polio cases which occurred in the US since 1970 were the by-product of
“On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States.”(Schneider). Before the polio vaccine was developed in 1955 by Dr. Salk, polio was the United States most feared disease. But thanks to doctors like Dr. Salk, doctors have developed a vaccination for other diseases, not just polio, which helped eradicate and eliminate many diseases that have killed millions in the past. Today, many American parents refuse to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations should be mandatory, unless a person has a medical condition that says otherwise. These vaccinations are vital to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases and it can save children’s lives, it is safe and effective, protects other people, saves money, and ensures healthy future generations.
Polio reached the height of its pandemic proportions in the first half of the nineteenth century.[2] The creation of the first safe and effective poliovirus vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955 made immediate and profound impacts in the incidence of disease. For example, in the United States two years prior to the development of the vaccine, the average number of polio cases was greater than 45,000. In 1962, just seven years after the advent of vaccination, that number diminished to 910.[2] The effectiveness of the vaccine soon prompted health officials to extend the application of immunization worldwide. In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000 and by 1999, global incidence of the disease dropped by approximately
In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don’t get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not
On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement was made regarding existence of an epidemic polio infection in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were
Polio is being prevented through the usage of immunisations. In the 1950s American researcher, Jonas Salk discovered that the poliovirus could be inactivated by using the chemical formaldehyde. He used this information to create a vaccine. This vaccine was tested in 1954 using hundreds of thousands of children. One batch of this vaccine hadn’t been made properly and several became sick or died. When the manufacture had improved, the vaccine was able to reduce the amount of polio cases. Polish-American doctor, Albert Sabin tested an alternate vaccine which used weakened viruses. This vaccine could be taken by mouth rather than being taken by injection. This version of the vaccine was cheaper
The virus usually enters the environment in the feces of someone who is infected. In areas with poor sanitation, the virus easily spreads through the fecal-oral route, via contaminated water or food. A lot of the polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century. Paralytic polio Epidemics began to appear in Europe and the United States around 1900. First report of multiple polio cases was published in 1843 and described an 1841 outbreak in Louisiana. There is a gap of fifty years before the next epidemic later polio began to make itself noticeable by having, 26 cases in Boston in 1823, 132 cases with 18 deaths in Vermont, approximately 2,500 cases in New York City. On Saturday, June 17, 1916 an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in New York. On this year there were only 27,000 cases, 6,000 deaths in the U.S, and over 2,000 deaths in New York alone. Thanks to Jonas Salk on July 2, 1952 he first introduced his “killed virus” he belived that this was going to end polio so he told people that he was going to test it on his wife and children. According to Dr. Thomas Francis The vaccine on April 12, 1955 he declared the vaccine safe and effective. The vaccines had proven to be 80 to 90% effective on the basis of results in 11 states. Overall, the vaccine was administered to over 440,000 children in 44
An important factor about the history of HIV is how politics in the United States and around the world reacted to this virus. The first cases of HIV were publicly released in reports by the Center of Disease Control (CDC) to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR) where in 1981 five men were confused to have a rare form of pneumonia. All five men
The first case of HIV infection in the United States can be dated back to the 1970s, and AIDS was reported in New York and California in the 1980s. By 1983, approximately 3000 AIDS patients had been reported and 1000 patients had died (Berkson, 1990). Over 33 million