Hepatitis B Essay

Polio an American story is a scholarly readable and informative book which covers the lives of many American eminent scientists who struggled a lot to eradicate polio. This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This book also covers the entire topics from appearance of polio symptoms to post polio syndrome which shows the valuable thesis done by David M. Oshinsky.

This history of HIV/AIDS as a blurry timeline before the 1980’s since that was around the time reports came in which eventually become an HIV report. The origin of HIV can be traced back to the early part of the century. Some believe that in the 1920’s chimpanzees from the Congo came into contact with humans (Avert, 2016). Though reports were not identified as HIV until the 1980’s, the belief that HIV was already scattered throughout four other continents may have been incident (Avert, 2016). Even though for the past 30 years the world has been diligently working to find a cure and pushing prevention, we are still struggling each year with increasing diagnosis. The beginning of HIV did end with lots of death, but now with our improved antiviral medication there is hope for many.

It wasn’t until 1989 that scientists discovered the presence of HIV in the blood in AIDS patients. Scientists then transferred their efforts towards treating HIV. This spurred a research on a global scale as this breakthrough in the now HIV/AIDS epidemic has come to the light. The now FDA and CDC were major

According to a report published in the February 1998 edition of “Nature”, scientists identified what they believe is the earliest case of AIDs in a man from the Congo in 1959. (Lerner and Hombs 39) By the end of the year 1980, 80 men would have been diagnosed with at least of the opportunistic infections that are a characteristic of AIDs. (Lerner and Hombs 40) AIDs cases in the 1980s increased dramatically not only around the world but in the United States, primarily in larger cities like Los Angeles, New York City and San Francisco. The numbers of AIDs diagnoses and deaths spiraled out of control throughout the 1980s and towards the end of 1989 there were 117,500 cases of AIDS reported and 89,000 related deaths.(Lerner and Hombs 54) In the

Polio had already killed 3,000 people at its peak rate in 1952; sadly, it had already paralyzed thousands of more people (Soylent 1)On April 12, 1955 the polio vaccine developed by Salk was allowed to be used by the public after it had been tested with 1.8 million children (Biography 1). The vaccine had drastically reduced the number of polio cases in children by 90%; 57,000 cases were recorded in 1952 and less than one thousand cases a decade later (Soylent 1). In addition, Jonas Salk later established his own institution for research named Salk Center for Biological Studies in 1963. The institution “remains one of the world's most prestigious facilities for research into AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's

In 1977 Dr Jonas Salk (inventor of the Salk polio vaccine) testified with other scientists that 87% of the polio cases which occurred in the US since 1970 were the by-product of

HIV and AIDS have affected millions of people throughout the world. Since 1981, there have been 25 million deaths due to AIDS involving men, women, and children. Presently there are 40 million people living with HIV and AIDS around the world and two million die each year from AIDS related illnesses. The Center for Disease Control estimates that one-third of the one million Americans living with HIV are not aware that they have it. The earliest known case of HIV was in 1959. It was discovered in a blood sample from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Looking further into the genetics of this blood sample researchers suggested that it had originated from a virus going back to the late 1940’s or early 1950’s. In 1999,

“On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States.”(Schneider). Before the polio vaccine was developed in 1955 by Dr. Salk, polio was the United States most feared disease. But thanks to doctors like Dr. Salk, doctors have developed a vaccination for other diseases, not just polio, which helped eradicate and eliminate many diseases that have killed millions in the past. Today, many American parents refuse to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations should be mandatory, unless a person has a medical condition that says otherwise. These vaccinations are vital to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases and it can save children’s lives, it is safe and effective, protects other people, saves money, and ensures healthy future generations.

Polio reached the height of its pandemic proportions in the first half of the nineteenth century.[2] The creation of the first safe and effective poliovirus vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955 made immediate and profound impacts in the incidence of disease. For example, in the United States two years prior to the development of the vaccine, the average number of polio cases was greater than 45,000. In 1962, just seven years after the advent of vaccination, that number diminished to 910.[2] The effectiveness of the vaccine soon prompted health officials to extend the application of immunization worldwide. In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000 and by 1999, global incidence of the disease dropped by approximately

Polio is being prevented through the usage of immunisations. In the 1950s American researcher, Jonas Salk discovered that the poliovirus could be inactivated by using the chemical formaldehyde. He used this information to create a vaccine. This vaccine was tested in 1954 using hundreds of thousands of children. One batch of this vaccine hadn’t been made properly and several became sick or died. When the manufacture had improved, the vaccine was able to reduce the amount of polio cases. Polish-American doctor, Albert Sabin tested an alternate vaccine which used weakened viruses. This vaccine could be taken by mouth rather than being taken by injection. This version of the vaccine was cheaper

On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement was made regarding existence of an epidemic polio infection in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were

The virus usually enters the environment in the feces of someone who is infected. In areas with poor sanitation, the virus easily spreads through the fecal-oral route, via contaminated water or food. A lot of the polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century. Paralytic polio Epidemics began to appear in Europe and the United States around 1900. First report of multiple polio cases was published in 1843 and described an 1841 outbreak in Louisiana. There is a gap of fifty years before the next epidemic later polio began to make itself noticeable by having, 26 cases in Boston in 1823, 132 cases with 18 deaths in Vermont, approximately 2,500 cases in New York City. On Saturday, June 17, 1916 an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in New York. On this year there were only 27,000 cases, 6,000 deaths in the U.S, and over 2,000 deaths in New York alone. Thanks to Jonas Salk on July 2, 1952 he first introduced his “killed virus” he belived that this was going to end polio so he told people that he was going to test it on his wife and children. According to Dr. Thomas Francis The vaccine on April 12, 1955 he declared the vaccine safe and effective. The vaccines had proven to be 80 to 90% effective on the basis of results in 11 states. Overall, the vaccine was administered to over 440,000 children in 44

    In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don’t get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not

An important factor about the history of HIV is how politics in the United States and around the world reacted to this virus. The first cases of HIV were publicly released in reports by the Center of Disease Control (CDC) to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR) where in 1981 five men were confused to have a rare form of pneumonia. All five men

The first case of HIV infection in the United States can be dated back to the 1970s, and AIDS was reported in New York and California in the 1980s. By 1983, approximately 3000 AIDS patients had been reported and 1000 patients had died (Berkson, 1990). Over 33 million