Hepatitis B Research Paper

Treatment is varied. There are several drugs used to treat hepatitis in the United States. Intron A, Epivir-HBV, Pegasys, Baraclude, Hepsera, Viread, and Tyzeka are the only FDA approved drugs that have been shown to slow the virus and decrease liver damage and in some cases the virus is killed completely ("Hepatitis Treatments," n.d.). Ultimately vaccination is the best way to prevent HBV. The vaccine has been found to be effective and safe. Administration is given over a 6 month time and consists of 3-4 shots ("Hepatitis B," n.d.) and is estimated to be 95% effective. Everyone should be vaccinated but the

The blood test detects IgG and IgM levels (Zonunsanga, 2015). Positive IgM levels reflect an acute infection (Zonunsanga, 2015). “Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is a protein on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. It can be detected in the blood during acute or chronic Hepatitis B virus infection. The body normally produces antibodies to HBsAg as part of the normal immune response to infection. A positive test means that a person has an acute or chronic Hepatitis B virus infection and can pass the virus to others” (CDC, 2014). This HBsAg test is one of the more common tests performed, but others are also available (CDC, 2014). Some of these tests that are done can detect the HBV antibody and if they have been successfully vaccinated or have had the acute virus and got rid of it, they cannot get the HBV again (CDC,

The most common liver infection is Hepatitis B, which is a potentially life threatening infection that is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus. “Hepatitis B is a DNA virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family of viruses.” It originally infected birds many years ago when dinosaurs still roamed the planet. Paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses, which gives the ability to reconstruct viral ancestors to learn more about them. Mesozoic-era HBV is similar to the HBV that infects people today. Hepatitis B may cause cirrhosis or liver cancer. The liver is the second largest organ in the body, it is located underneath the rib cage. The liver processes anything that is being digested into energy and nutrients into the body. The liver also removes harmful substances from the blood. The body’s immune system responds by attempting to eliminate the virus which than causes injury to the liver. Approximately two billion people in the world has had evidence of the virus, and 2.2 billion people in the United States are chronically infected. Majority of these individuals are carriers which means they appear healthy, but may still be able to spread the virus to others. When discussing a serious

Because Hepatitis B is a virus there is no way to actually curing it. There is a very effective vaccine that has been available since 1982. This Hepatitis B vaccine is 90% effective in preventing infection. This was the first vaccine against a major human cancer. Another way you can prevent Hepatitis B is by using a latex condom while having intercourse. Also you can prevent Hepatitis B by not sharing needles, drugs or inhalant devices. Stay away from an infected person’s personal items such as razors and tooth brushes. Always practice good personal hygiene such as washing your hands. Take precautions before traveling to countries or places that are known to have poor sanitation and make sure that you have your immunization before you travel.

Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world and is caused by the hepatitis b virus. The hepatitis b virus enters the body and travels to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver the virus attacks the healthy liver cells and then multiplies. The cells create copies of them selves and the multiplying of the virus cells then triggers a response from the bodies’ immune system. Most people at this stage of the virus are unaware the have the virus as there are no symptoms that can be seen or felt. Hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (scaring of the liver), liver cancer or liver failure if not treated quickly enough. Some signs and symptoms of hepatitis include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis is most commonly caused by viruses, and can cause your liver to become inflamed, swollen and tender. The symptoms of Hepatitis start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. Never the less, Hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol and some other toxins and infections. There are many forms of Hepatitis; the most commonly seen forms are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis c. Furthermore, Worldwide, 500 million people are estimated to be infected with Hepatitis B or C. These viruses kill 1.5 million people a year; 1 in every 3 people has been exposed to either or both viruses and most infected people do not know about it due to dormant symptoms.

Adults between the ages of 20 and 50 are more commonly said to be affected with hep-B in the United States than children. Since 1990 the routine for immunization against the disease has led to a decline in children for the past decades. African Americans are infected with the disease than either Hispanics or Caucasians, Alaskan Eskimos and Pacific Islanders however have a higher carrier status rate than other racial groups. Compared other racial groups Asian Americans are at increased risk of severe liver damage from hepatitis B. More males than females are infected with hepatitis B in all races and age groups Compared to tha of patients with hepatitis A or C, those with HBV infection are less able to continue their usual activities and require more time resting in bed.

Hepatitis B was discovered by Dr. Barach Blumberg in 1965 but the vaccine was approved in 1981 by Pablo Valenzuela. Pablo Valenzuela was born on June 13, 1941. He is a Chilean Biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development. He is known for his genetic studies of hepatitis viruses. Pablo studied Biochemistry at Universidad de Chile and earned his PHD degree in 1970 in chemistry at northwestern University. Pablo is responsible for the biotechnology products in USA and Chile. He is co-founder of Early activities of Bio technology Start ups in USA and Chile. he is also professor and investigator in graduate programs.

About 2 billion around the world have been infected with hepatitis B virus and 250 million have chronic infection. [1]

There are many symptoms to look for, such as jaundice, unusually light-colored stool, flu-like symptoms (fever, nausea, and vomiting), abdominal pain, and persistent, unexplained fatigue. These symptoms usually occur one to six months after exposure to HBV, but approximately 30% of those infected don’t even experience any of these symptoms at all. For a doctor to diagnose hepatitis B, they must examine the patient’s blood and liver functions during a regular physical exam and if the infection is chronic, the doctor will extract actual liver tissue samples from the patient. Close examination of these samples helps doctors understand the severity of the infection and what direction to take in terms of medication and

Hepatitis B is the swelling of your liver that is caused by Hepatitis B Virus. This infection has two different categories. There is one that occurs over a 6 month time period, which is called Acute Hepatitis B. This infection is more common in adults, whereas Chronic Hepatitis B is usually found in juveniles, that were born with it, and lasts their whole lives. Chronic Hepatitis B is also called “The silent killer.” In the world, two billion people have been infected with Acute Hepatitis B. That is approximately one out of every three people. Four hundred million people are chronically infected, and about one million die each year.

Detection of Hepatitis C virus is typically done using Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect hepatitis C antibody; or Hepatitis C RNA assays are used to determine the viral load. Genetic testing is then done to check for the type of Hep C infection, which can be of six types (genotypes 1 through 6). In the US, baby boomers (born 1945-1965) are encouraged to get tested, as they may be treated with antiviral drugs to prevent progression to cancer [12].

The virus that infect Hepatitis D is the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Only those who are already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are at risk of getting hepatitis D, as it needs HBV to replicate in the body. Its transmission is a lot like HBV; contact with blood or body fluids of those infected already with the virus. There is an approximate 15 million people in the world chronically infected with HDV and HBV. Currently there is not an effective treatment for HDV except for the hepatitis B vaccine that’s proven to prevent HDV infection. HDV tends to make HBV infection more severe, for example; those who have chronic HBV infection, HDV infection can increase liver damage. Or develop liver problems more rapidly in the cases of those who

Hepatitis is caused by a virus that is targeted at the liver, one of your most important organs!! Specifically, it causes inflammation and injury to the liver. Hepatitis comes in many different forms, five to be exact. There is Hepatitis A, B, C, D & E. Hepatitis is caused mainly by viruses, all of which are set on shutting down your liver. I will be specifically concentrating on Hepatitis A in this report. Hepatitis A is also known as infectious Hepatitis, an extremely contagious viral infection that often effects young children and young adults, especially those in large groups. It has been known to break out in schools, summer camps and music festivals etc.

The symptoms start appearing after two to five weeks of infection. The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low fever, rashes, loss of appetite and yellowing of skin (jaundice), abdominal pain. Diarrhea occurs in case of children. No specific treatment is there. Patients need adequate rest and proper nutrition. If skin becomes yellow then the patient needs a blood test or a liver panel test. If a person vomits for a long period amount of time, they get dehydrated; then, only then, hospitalization is needed. Patients should drink a plenty amount of water, or fluids. He or she should take food, which does not cause any harm to the liver. Patients should avoid tea, coffee or any alcoholic beverages, which causes harm to liver. He or she takes adequate rest. He should not take any medicine which causes harm to liver. If patient is confused about taking medicine then he or she should consult a doctor. Techniques for growing HAV in cell culture have made it possible to generate sufficient amounts of virus for vaccine production. Several inactivated or live attenuated vaccines against hepatitis A have been developed, but only four inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are currently available internationally. All four vaccines are similar in terms of efficacy and side-effect profile. The vaccines are given parenterally, as a two-dose series, 6-18 months apart. The dose of vaccine,