Hepatitis B Virus Lab Report

The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell.

The Epstein-Barr Virus is part of the herpesvirus family and was the first virus discovered to cause a human cancer.  The virus has two stages of its life cycle, the latent phase, which allows the virus to lie dormant within a cell and the host and the lytic phase where the virus reproduces and spreads among cells.  Haloperidol (HPD), a common mood stabilizer, aids in the initiation of the lytic cycle.  Administering the Haloperidol at varying concentrations and exposure lengths will test what is the best time and concentration that will activate viral gene expression.  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) will monitor the amplification of the BZLF1 gene expressed from the lytic virus and myc gene from the cell.  These genes are regulatory

The Seven Rights of medication administration are, the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right technique, and the right documentation.

were scrapped from the teeth and the second was an unknown given. It resulted that the unknown

Adenoviruses represent the largest non-enveloped or naked viruses at 75 nanometers and have 252 capsomeres that contribute to its icosahedral capsid structure (Doerfler 1996). The virus particle has spikes on the base of each capsomer that aid in attachment to the host cell. At the core of the virus is double-stranded linear DNA that replicates in the nucleus of the host cell.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is from the virus family Flaviviridae with an RNA envelope serving as it's genetic material. The genetic material (RNA) is HCV's pathogenic structure. The genome is positive sense single stranded RNA, which is very similar to mRNA and can be translated quickly to the host cell (Bauman 2012). Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus, and the RNA also lacks a proofreading ability after replication, which results in mutations coding for many genotypes within the host. This genetic variability makes it difficult for the host immune system to clear all the HCV infections. As one infection clears, another strain is being produced (Bauman 2012). The HCV antibody detected by ELISA(Wilkinson

Due to the colonization and urbanization of Africa the disease began to spread quickly, inventions like the car and poor hygiene in hospitals allowed the space for the disease to become more widespread.

The first thing to do with a situation like this would be to first find out all the needed information about the gene you can. The first important thing would be the size of the gene on the chromosome, because viruses only have a certain amount of DNA/RNA they can hold inside their virus particle. The gene is found on chromosome 20 and is 15,438 bp in length (NCBI). So, the only type of gene therapy vector that would be able to carry a gene that large would be the Herpes Simplex Virus. HSV has a carrying capacity of over 30kb, so this would more than fit the entire length of the gene in the virus particle. It also is a good fit because after looking up information on PRPc, because it is a cell-surface copper-binding glycoprotein expressed

The human herpes virus has a diameter of 150 nm. The DNA genome in the core is surrounded by an icosadeltahedral capsid. The capsid contains 162 capsomeres and it is enclosed with an envelope. Several glycoproteins are encoded into the envelope. Between the envelope and the capsid there is a space known as tegument which contains viral proteins and enzymes and it helps in replication

Transcription occurs in the nucleus involving what is known as "cap snatching." What this means is that the viral endonuclease (PB2) cuts the 5' methylguanosine cap as well as ten to thirteen nucleotides from the RNA. This is then used as the primer for the transcription of the protein PB1, a viral transcriptase. In influenza A and B, ten proteins result from the translation of the eight segments of the genome, including hemagglutinin,

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

Chikungunya is a small spherical enveloped virion that measures up 60 to 70nm in diameter. It contains a single strand positive-sense RNA genome (Solignat, Maxime 2009). The virus has a lipid bilayer containing heterodimeric protein spikes composed of two major surface envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 (Understanding the alpha virus). The genome extends approximately 12 kb long, and is organized in a 5’ cap -untranslated region (UTR), non-structural proteins (nsP1-4), structural proteins (C-E3-E2-6 K-E1), and a 3’ polyA tail end( Microbes and Infection). The structural proteins of the virus are created by the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA). The 5’ end cap of the genome has a 7- methyl guanosine cap, whereas the 3’ end is polyadenylated

This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.

Maturation of HCMV involves the packing of B capsids with viral DNA resulting in the formation of mature C capsids. The C capsid is encompassed of the viral DNA genome and a shell with tegument proteins (Gibson, 1996). In the maturation process, the nuclear lamina is

Lentiviruses that expressed shRNA were used to to infect HFF-1 cells, either in the presence of USP7 or GFP (used as a control). These cells were then infected with HSV-1 and stained in order to compare viral growth rates. The results showcased a 100-fold decrease in viral growth in cells that lacked USP7 compared to those lacking GFP. Another set of experiments were done in order to specifically determine which UBL domains played a central role in the USPL-ICP0 interaction. For this, different UBL domains were isolated and labelled using radioactive nitrogen. These domains were then titrated with ICP0 and an NMR spectra was used to look at binding-induced changes at the peaks. The results showcased no changes for UBL1 and UBL3 domains, but changes in the intensities and positions of many peaks in the labelled UBL12 spectrum. Taking the movement of the peaks into account, it was noted that the UBL12 domain plays a pivotal role in the USPL-ICP0 interaction and the process is slow on the NMR time scale. To further locate the UBL12-ICP0 binding site, the 1H- 15N HSQC spectra of free and ICP0-bound UBL12 were compared. While the two spectra were similar, there were many residues missing in the free UBL12 spectra that only appeared after the binding of ICP0. This helped reveal the various conformational changes associated with the binding of USPL with its substrate.