Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis Lab Report

As the Directors at the Sharp Rees Medical Facility, we will be talking about the liver. The liver is a very important organ in the human body as it does not just perform one function but is involved in multiple tasks. Some interesting facts about the liver; it weighs under five pounds, it has a shape like a half football and everyone is born with one. Just like most other disease or disorder, if the liver has not been taken care of properly there are many negative outcomes that can affect and destroy the liver. There are many complications when the liver is abused or damage for example cancer, hemochromatosis, gallbladder or

Cirrhosis is a serious disease of the liver where scar tissue replaces normal healthy tissue, and affects the function and structure of the liver. Liver, which is the largest organ in the body, has a vital roles which are important to keep the body functioning well. Liver makes proteins and enzymes that regulate blood clotting. It also regulates cholesterol and stores the energy. In addition, the liver removes poisons from the blood. 30% of cirrhosis's victims are diagnosed will remain alive for 5 years. Cirrhosis can be defined regarding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

According to the American Liver Foundation, a healthy liver cleans blood, fights infection processes food and stores energy. The liver is able to regenerate itself, but when it becomes too damaged or is prevented from regenerating, it will fail and no longer be able to keep able to keep one alive (2015). Despite its ability to regenerate, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death of death in the United States. My interest in further exploring liver related deaths is the due to the impact that liver disease has had on my family. My young cousin was born with a malignant tumor on her liver and spent the first several years of her life undergoing surgeries and chemotherapy. She survived the treatment and at the age of 4 was free of cancer. At the age of 24 she was told that her liver was beginning the process of failure and she would need to be put on the transplant liver for long-term survival. My grandmother died of cirrhosis of the liver and my father, after 3 years of treatment for melanoma, was diagnosed with liver failure. He had a procedure to prolong the useful life of his liver, but the damage to his liver will not allow his liver to regenerate and it will likely be liver failure which leads to his death.

, the body cannot survive without a liver for more than a few hours because is does so many functions that the body requires. The liver is basically the filter for the body to clean it and dispose of waste, but in actuality it does so much more.

The gene most associated with HCC is the TP53 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene universal among many cancers. The p53 protein, when turned off, can mistakenly cause cancer since they are normally turned on (Rhine 4). When normal, the TP53 gene assures that cells do not grow beyond where the should, meaning they have anchorage dependence and density dependent inhibition. When damaged, abnormal cells and the formation of HCC can occur since the P53 protein is involved in cell cycle functions and apoptosis, because it does not stop the cells from accumulating mutations over time if its function is degraded (¨“Do We Know [...]?¨, Debuire and Lemoine). This tumor suppressor gene follows Mendelian rules, meaning they are recessive and must

Cirrhosis is a delayed stage of fibrosis of the liver that can be cause by several types of liver diseases and conditions. The liver plays many roles such as detoxifying toxic substances to the body, purifying the blood and producing crucial nutrients. This condition occurs in response to deteriorating the liver which may cause the liver to fail. The damaged liver can’t be undone, but if cirrhosis of the liver is diagnosed and treated early then the damage can be controlled.

Cirrhosis, the development of scar tissue in the liver, can often result in liver cancer. Additionally, some environmental factors, such as exposure to particular chemicals or eating food contaminated with aflatoxin, a toxin produced by mold on nuts and grains, may raise the risk of cancer. Excessive alcohol and tobacco usage is associated with developing cirrhosis and liver cancer as well. Obesity and diabetes are also risk factors in developing liver cancer. A person can lower their risk of liver cancer by avoiding and treating hepatitis infections, limiting their alcohol and tobacco use and avoiding obesity. Moreover, a person should control their exposure to cancer causing chemicals and make healthy food choices. A person should also treat any inherited liver diseases that could increase their risk of cancer.

The liver is an exocrine gland, also known as the largest gland in the body. The liver fills up the entire upper right section of the abdominal cavity and extends into the left side. The liver cells secrete substances called bile into ducts therefore classified as a exocrine gland. The liver is shaped as a cone, and is a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds. The liver mostly regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile, it helps carry waste products from the bile, it helps carry waste products from the liver. When the blood from the stomach and intestine passes through the liver, the liver processes, breaks down, and balances the nutrients.

There is no effective therapy for patients with HCC diagnosed in the late stages of the disease. Surgically treated late stage patients usually die of metastatic disease, while most medically treated patients died of GI or tumor bleed .10 The median survival after the diagnosis of gastrointestinal involvement was 1 month (2 weeks-4 months). An active surveillance program of the high risk or relative hepatitis B viral infection groups may aid in earlier detection at a time when patients are better candidates for

The main reason hepatocellular carcinoma is considered is due to the occurrence of multiple symptoms in HCC patients is common, and may include pain, fatigue, weight loss, and obstructive syndromes such as ascites and jaundice which was evident in the patient (Sun & Sarna, 2008). Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer, and incidence of HCC is highest in Africa and Asia, where viral hepatitis is endemic. HCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages and prognosis is generally poor when the tumor is unresectable. This extremely guarded prognosis is frequently coupled with severe symptom occurrence including pain, fatigue, anorexia, and ascites (Zhu, 2003).

Hepatitis is a medical condition caused inflammation or swelling that effect the important organ in your body that called (liver){1}. Hepatitis is derived from Greek hepar, meaning "liver", and the suffix –ittis, meaning "inflammation" {2} . The liver is the biggest organ in your body that helps your body digest food, store energy and remove toxins. It is located in the super right part in your body {3}.

Liver failure is the acute failure of the liver to perform its body function. Proteins that allow the blood to clot are not produced so the patient bruises and bleeds easily. A viscous fluid will sometimes collect

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common diseases, with an increasing incidence. With new and advanced surgical instrumentation and techniques, several curative therapies have become successful. The HCC patients are treated according to the stage of Liver tumor. For very early stage of HCC, the very first choice of therapy is liver resection but it is later being replaced by local ablative therapy which is useful as a bridging therapy toward liver transplantation and also as a replacement therapy for liver transplant when conditions are not feasible. However, liver transplantation provides better results in the HCC patients whose tumor meet the Milan criteria. The main obstacle towards the successful treatment is the HCC recurrence and at present there is no successful ways of treating and preventing HCC recurrence. For intermediate-stage HCC, the transarterial therapy is considered suitable. These surgical therapies not only provides suitable outcomes but also recovers the quality of life of HCC patients. Because of the complications of HCC, the surgical therapeutic approaches must be considered according to the tumor stage of each individual patient. The article presents an overview of treatment therapies for both early and advanced stage HCC based on the extensive review of the relevant literature.

Prior to the use of chemotherapy, subjects that are suffering from jaundice or cholangitis will obtain drainage of their biliary tracts. All patients will be checked for any clinical signs of sepsis at the time of NLR

Cancer therapy has revolutionized from conventional nonspecific approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to a specific method, immunotherapy. Clinical data and results illustrate significant increase in demand for strategies to improve the health of cancer patients. improve immunotherapy during the past two decades because of its major advantages compared to conventional therapies [advantages of immunotherapy to conventional]. Immunotherapy works by integrating immune system to fight cancer cells. According to Hanahan (04-page 2) cancer, one of the biggest difficulties of the modern world, is an immunological disease. Cancer immunotherapy is performed either by targeting tumor cells directly or activating immune cells. However, there have been new approaches such as