Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Hc Research Paper

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease in which there is too much iron that builds up in your body, this is referred to as an iron overload. Iron is an essential nutrient found in many foods but can be toxic to our bodies if we have to much. “Normally, humans absorb about 8-10% of the iron found in foods that they eat.” People with Hemochromatosis can absorb up to four times more iron than a normal human being. Since our bodies have no natural way to get rid of the extra iron, it gets stored in your body tissue including the liver, heart, pancreas and many other areas of our body can also be infected by this iron overload.

Secondly, patients with Wilson’s disease have decreased levels of ceruloplasmin. This disrupts the iron homeostasis which results in the accumulation of both iron and copper in the liver. This information is important with diagnosing the disease. Another disease, such as hemochromatosis also exhibit high levels of iron in the body. With this knowledge, when diagnosing patients, physicians should test for both diseases to avoid wrong medical

Presumed to have been plaguing humanity since the Viking days, hemochromatosis is a fatal hereditary disease that upsets the body's natural metabolizing of iron. The mineral, although essential to the survival of all living organisms, becomes extremely lethal in abnormally large quantities. Unfortunately, this serves as rather tragic news to the afflicted, since their bodies absorb iron in an uncontrollable manner. A wide variety of medical complications and symptoms, including cancer, infertility, psychiatric disorders, diabetes, arthritis, damage in the overall body chemistry and joints, could consequently occur over a long period of diagnosis. Major organs such as the heart and liver additionally suffer at the hands of hemochromatosis, further adding to the possibility of death if the disease remains unchecked.

Essentially, iron is what allows almost every form of life to metabolize and function. In fact, our bodies body has several mechanisms that prevent access to iron to pathogens and other infectious bacteria thrive on iron that may harm our bodies known as the acute phase response. The author describes this as he states “the bloodstream is flooded with illness-fighting proteins, and, at the same time, iron is locked away to prevent biological invaders from using it against us (7).” So us readers can take away the idea that iron is crucial for our bodies. So how could potentially accumulating too much iron affect our health? That 's when hemochromatosis comes along. Our bodies assumes that the person is lacking iron in their system so they continually absorb the iron in the intestine. Not only that, don’t forget that bacteria and diseases also rely on iron to grow and accumulate.This can cause cancer cells to grow and spread continuously without stopping if it consumes our iron.

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disorder in which iron levels in the body build up over time. HH is often known as the iron overload disorder. Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) and Hemophilia have a number of similarities when both express an excess of iron build up in the body. In a review article published by the Journal of Clinical Pathology, they compared and contrasted the effects of iron on both the arthopathy of HH and HA, blood disorders that react poorly to the presence of excess ferrous iron

Liver cirrhosis is a life threatening disease and is irreversible. It is therefore of utmost

Iron is one of the most important minerals to allow one’s body to carry out important functions and tasks. It is vital to “transport oxygen throughout the body” (Watson 16), more specifically it is a “component of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to transport it throughout your body” (Watson 16). Without iron, one wouldn’t be able to produce red blood cells,

As living creature’s animals and people iron is one of many essential minerals we that need to stay alive. Iron is required to produce red blood cells through a process called haematopoiesis. It is also an important component of the red blood cells (in hemoglobin) where the iron is present when that is transporting oxygen from the lungs then throughout the body. Once the oxygen delivered the iron binds to the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and the carbon is exhaled. It has many other functions: maintain homeostasis, metabolism (conversion of blood sugar to energy, production of enzymes, amino acids, new cells, hormones, etc.). The metabolisms process is allowing people to maintain healthy cells of skin, nails, hair, internal organs, and everything else that allows a person to be alive. However too little iron could cause a condition known as iron deficiency such as anemia. If someone has too much iron it can cause a person to become toxic as the storage of iron increases it would cause Hemochromatosis and other conditions. For the research, I have selected House: season three and episode 23 “The Jerk”.

Increasing evidence suggests a potential role of iron (Fe) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fe is a strong pro oxidant leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation resulting in elevated oxidative stress. In animal models, Fe excess might result in pancreatic oxidative stress and decrease insulin secretary capacity. Ferritin is a marker of Fe status in healthy individuals and an acute phase reactant as well; elevated levels of ferritin have been shown in diabetic patients[16]. This HbA1c enhancing effect of iron deficiency and fall in HbA1c levels after iron supplementation has been previously documented in several studies [17, 18].

This paper is about the end-stage liver disease, commonly known as cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a slow deterioration of the liver, where healthy tissue is replaced by scar tissue, therefore inhibiting the proper flow of blood through the liver. It is highly asymptomatic but susceptible in those with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, drug use via IV, or hepatitis. Typically, cirrhosis is diagnosed after its complications have already developed. There are over 3.9 million adults nationwide diagnosed with chronic liver disease according to the CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. While there are many possible causes for developing cirrhosis, the most common are: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease and chronic hepatitis

In decompensated cirrhosis, patient can develop jaundice, ascites or encephalopaty (Bedossa and Poynard, 1996). The risk for decompensation is estimated to be 5% per year in cirrhotics (Poynard et al., 1997). Once patient developed decompensation, the 5-year survival rate is reaching upto 50% (Planas et al., 2004). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in patients with cirrhosis and liver transplantation is then the only effective therapy (Kim, 2002).

Iron exists in several forms in blood plasma (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). One of them is transferrin (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). As mentioned before, HH is a condition where iron levels are abnormally elevated and is mainly characterized by a mutation in the coding of the HFE protein. The HFE protein, directly interacts with transferrin, transferrin receptors (TfR) and β2-microglobulin (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). TfR is the receptor through which signaling is generated to transcribe the hormone hepcidin (Figure 2). Hepcidin, binds to ferroportin (major protein-iron exporter found in basolateral membrane of enetrocytes and membrane of macrophages) and inhibits iron efflux from enterocytes and macrophages (Figure 1) (Jansen and Swinkels, 2009). Hepcidin action is characterized by inhibition of intestinal absorption and iron release from hepatic stores and macrophages (Papanikolaou, 2005). Since there is a mutation in the HFE gene, hepcidin production is decreased, causing levels of hepcidin to be abnormally low. As a result, there is no adequate binding to ferroportin and therefore continuous transport of iron in the blood flow is generated. As soon as iron enters the bloodstream, it must be absorbed or used. Therefore, iron absorption increases dramatically (Widdowson and McCance 1937). Duodenal enterocytes increase the iron absorption by increasing the number of DMT-1 receptors

Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis are potentially reversible with timely intervention. [1] To achieve the best possible outcome, treatment must be initiated in the early stages of liver fibrosis.[1] Another benefit of timely treatment of fibrosis and cirrhosis is the prevention of hepato-cellular carcinoma.[3, 6] Additionally, in patients with chronic hepatitis C,anti-viral treatment is indicated with severe fibrosis. [3, 6]Therefore, clinicians must serially monitor the level and severity of fibrotic tissue, to ensure timely treatment and to determine the patient’s risk of liver-related morbidity, mortality and hepatic comorbidities, for example, portal hypertension or hepatic carcinoma.[7-10]

The main cause of iron-overload disease is the mutation in the gene that is located in the sixth chromosome, exactly in the short arm. The mutation is called C282Y. Moreover, ferritin is a protein and“…most of the iron stored in the body is bound to ferritin. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and bone marrow. Only a small amount of ferritin is found in the blood” (WebMD, 2014). The amount of ferritin in the blood shows how much iron is stored in the body. Therefor accumulation of iron that is associated with ferritin protein provoke what is called Iron overload or haemochromatosis.

Conclusions: It is pertinent to detect and treat subclinical iron deficiency in patients with CKD and to not over-investigate the minor haematological variations.