Hertzsprung Russell Diagram Lab Report

“classified Hubble as a Cassegrain reflector, who was among the first to suggest a basic optical design.”1 The Hubble space telescope was launched and deployed in April of 1990, which “marked the most significant advance in astronomy since Galileo's telescope. Thanks to four servicing missions and more than 25 years of operation, the view of the universe and humanity's place within it has never been the same.” 2 In describing how

I pick the star Antares, from the H-R diagram I can tell that it it is a Red Supergiant, and it has a surface temperature that is around 3,000 degrees kelvin, which is cooler than the Sun by at least 2,000 degrees kelvin, but its luminosity is around 10,000 solar units, which means it produces much more energy than our Sun does, so it is a lot brighter. The spectral type of Antares is a M, I could tell that its spectral type was M because I read the H-R Diagram, the VLab told me that the star ‘Betelgeuse’ has a spectral type of M, and Antares is right below, and basically inside Betelgeuse. Stars with the same spectral type have the same chemical composition, so Antares has the chemical composition Ca (calcium), TiO (titanium oxide), CH (methylidene).

During the first millennium B.C. scientists realized that astronomy had to become more scientific. Middle Eastern and Chinese cultures started studying the Sun, stars and the planets more closely in an attempt to learn more about our position in the universe.. Star positions also became important tools in understanding directions, and helping with navigation. One philosopher stated in 434 B.C. that the Sun was a ball of fire 60 kilometres in diameter, hovering 6500 kilometres above Earth’s surface. Around 130 B.C., Ptolemy wrote Almagest, which was a huge collection of astronomical data which included mathematical models, information about eclipses, and planetary and stellar positions and movements. It remained a major go to book for astronomy for hundreds of years, and was not seriously challenged until Copernicus disputed the geocentric model of the solar system in the 1500’s

The order in which the greatest blue shift to the red shift of the five distant stars is E, D, B, C, A. The arrows in the diagram represent the speed of movement of the star, the longer the arrow the faster the movement of the star and vice versa. Furthermore, the motion of the source of light is said to be blueshifted if it is moving towards the observer, but if the source is moving away from the observer it is called redshifted (Prather p75). As a result, the star that is moving faster toward the observer will have the greatest blueshift while the star that is moving away from an observer will have the greatest redshift.

The area on the H-R diagram where “normal” stars can be found is known as the _________.

It’s called the HR diagram because it tells about the life cycles of stars. By observing and looking at the life cycles of many other stars we can evaluate the date that will tell us all different stages of evolution and growth. While discovering luminosities this helped measure how much energy a star gives off as well as it’s colour that makes categorizing pretty spot on. Because of that a Danish astronomer research combied with russells research based on their spectral types this helped figure out there life cycle of the stars. Even though two women was behind it and it should be named after them but you know how it goes.

14. Why do stars have different levels of brightness, and how does one describe their brightness as compared to one another?

5. On what kind of diagram are stars plotted according to their surface temperature and luminosity?

Another property of a star is temperature. By measuring the temperature of a star, scientists are able to tell how hot the star is. They use color to measure the temperature of stars. The red ones are the coolest (3,500 K), the yellow ones are warmer (5,000 to 7,000 K), the white ones are warmer still (9,000 to 15,000 K), and the blue ones are the hottest (20,000 to 50,000 K).

Retrieved from http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html 6. Smith, Gene. (1995, April 16) Stellar Evolution I-Solar Type Stars.

13) When we say a star “moves” on a H-R diagram we are not saying that it is physically moving from one place to another, we are saying that it is transitioning from one stage of its evolutionary life to another. For example we might say it is moving from pre-main sequence to main sequence. This means that the star has moves from an early stage in its life to the middle stage of its life. It has physically stayed in the same place in space.

I studied the topic from Astrology “Discovery of Uranus by William Herschel in 1781”. This was a very interesting topic to me. Astrology has always astonished me and I have been interested in space, stars and the Universe. So too was William Herschel. At his time people were familiar with a few planets, the ones up to Uranus, but nothing more. William Herschel was interested in astronomy and read a lot of books about the subject. He used to star gaze but he only had weak telescopes, so in an interest to see more, he worked towards building a more powerful telescope. William Herschel spent time at night after his musical career building telescopes, and after a while, along with his father and brother, was making the most powerful telescopes around, and seeing further and further into the unknown. One of his first projects was mapping the different planets and their positions and movements.

Vera Cooper Rubin was born July 23, 1928 in Philadelphia, PA. Her father was Philip Cooper, an electrical engineer, and her mother Rose. She first developed an interest in astronomy at the age of 10 while stargazing from her home in Washington D.C. Her father encouraged her to follow her dreams and took her to amateur astronomer meetings. She earned her Bachelor’s degree from Vassar University in 1948 of which she was the only astronomy major that year. Later she earned her master’s from Cornell in 1950 with her masters’ thesis was controversial and centered around the possibility of bulk rotation by looking for “sideways” motion of galaxies. She finally got her Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1954. Her doctoral

     Stars are a marvelous wonder to many people, that is why some people spend most of their lives wondering what is “above the world so high” (Gardner 98). These people study and map the little twinkling stars in order to get a better meaning of them; they are astronomers. Great astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Immanuel Kant, and William Huggins, never stopped valuing the beauty of the stars. While they developed great astronomical principals. One astronomer who fits this mold most is, Edwin Powell Hubble. Wondering about what was

Overall, the experiment succeeded that the metals show the theoretical properties. Differences existed in the mathematical calculation of the actual length. These differences, however, it can be accounted for by experimental error; more over there are uncertainty on purity of the