Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

The Hierarchical Power Aware Routing (HPAR) is a power aware routing protocol that divides the network into a group of sensors called zones [12]. In this, the cluster zones are formatted, then the decision is made that how message is routed so the battery life can be maximized. This protocol provides an approximation algorithm called max-min ZPmin algorithm. In this algorithm by applying Dijkshtra algorithm the path who consumes less power is found. Then the second path is found that maximizes the minimal residual power. The advantage is that it provides both transmission power and maximizes battery

In this section, we present the details of proposed protocol. Our protocol implements the idea of probabilities for cluster heads selection based on initial energy and residual energy of sensor nodes as well as the average energy of the sensor network.

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

After electing CHs, every CH announces all sensor nodes in the network that it is the new CH. When each node receives the announcement, it chooses its desired cluster to join based on the signal strength of the announcement from the CHs to it. So, the sensor nodes inform their appropriate CH to join it. Afterwards, the CHs based on a TDMA approach assign the time slot to each node so that a member can send its data to its CH in this period. The sensor nodes can initiate sensing and transmitting data to the CHs during the steady state phase. The CHs also aggregate data received from the nodes in their cluster before sending these data to the BS via a single hop fashion. D. Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering [HEED] Younis and Fahmy proposed an iterative clustering protocol, named HEED. HEED is different from LEACH in the way CHs are elected. Both, electing the CHs and joining to the clusters, are done based on the combination of two parameters. The primary parameter depends on the nodes residual energy. The alternative parameter is the intra cluster “communication cost”. Each node computes a communication cost depending on whether variable power levels, applied for intra cluster communication, are permissible or not. If the power level is fixed for all of the nodes, then the communication cost can be proportional to (i) node

Topologies used in Wireless Sensor Network are Mesh, Star, Ring, Tree, and Bus, Fully connected.

3.2.14 CLUSTER : CLUSTER clustering algorithms in view of clustering algorithm that gives adaptable and proficient packet routing for huge scale WSNs. Just a few sections of total number of sensor nodes take part in arrangement of CHs. In this, CHs are masterminded in a framework way and primary sink (One of the sink), dynamically and randomly manufactures the cluster network. . Greed Seed (GS) is a node inside a given span from the essential sink. Any questions from sink to nodes are engendered from avarice seed to its CHs et cetera.

In the case of multi-level energies, the node energy is randomly selected in the range of $[E_0, E_0 {\scriptstyle\times} (1 + \alpha)]$, while the role of cluster head is rotated among all the nodes for better load balancing on the network. In \cite{Aderohunmu2010}, SEP-E is proposed which considers three levels of heterogeneous nodes: normal, intermediate, and advanced nodes where each level has an election probability higher than the preceding one depending on the amount of initial energy as in SEP. However, an improved version is introduced in \cite{Singh2013} called ESEP-E which optimizes the cluster head election probability by considering both the initial energy as in SEP and residual energy as in DEEC protocol. The weighted election probabilities for the three-level are given as follows:

With the furtherance of computer networks extending boundaries and joining distant locations, wireless sensor networks (WSN) emerged as the new frontier in developing opportunities in order to collect and process data from remote locations. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized in a cooperative manner. Multiple sensor nodes arranged in proximity to sense an event and subsequently transmit sensed and collected information to a remote processing unit or base station. The nodes are able to communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. More than 1000s or even 10,000 nodes are expected. Currently, wireless sensor

In sensor network node deployment falls into two classifications either a dense deployment or a meager deployment. In dense deployment in the focused on field, high quantities of sensor nodes are available. While in an inadequate deployment we have lesser nodes. Dense deployment is utilized to distinguish multiple sensors. At the point when expense of item expands it can be utilized there.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed across a geographical area in highly dense manner. These nodes are of low cost and use less energy to perform various functions. These sensors have the ability to communicate with each other and route the data to next node or back to the Base Station (BS). Sensor nodes in a sensor network communicate with other nodes and collect the information.

With increased capabilities and decreased costs, mobile wireless sensor network rapidly gained popularity and interest that greatly enhanced ability to monitor any phenomena. The idea of needs for monitoring has been around for a long time. However, a mobile wireless sensor network became available because of microelectromechanical systems and implementation of wireless communication such as satellites and GSM networks to transmit the gathered data. Further development in semiconductor technologies enabled miniaturization, low power consumption and decreased cost (Kumbhare, Rangaree, & Asutkar, 2016). Even though the monitoring with the use of sensor network have been around for a couple of decades the implementation was done more in stationary approach rather than mobile. Similarly to

ABSTRACT: Wireless sensor networks is a self-configured network means any node can join it or leave it at any time. it is a self-healing and self-organizing. Self-healing networks allow nodes to reconfigure their link associations and find other pathways around powered-down nodes or failed nodes. Self-organizing allows a network automatically join new node without the need for manual interference. In this paper, we are using actor nodes to solve energy hole problem so that we can reduce energy consumption and can enhance throughput of network.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are presented their abilities in many vital applications such as wildlife tracking, checking heart rates of human, military applications, traffic monitoring, etc, [1]. Wireless sensors have limited resources, including limited storage, limited processing facility, and communication capability. In addition, each sensor node is powered by a battery, which has a finite size and cannot be recharged or replaced due to environmental conditions [2-5]. Actually, Sensor nodes depend on their finite resources to survive. Due to these reasons, it is important to enhance the energy efficiency of nodes to improve the quality of the application service REF. The first problem of WSNs is to minimize energy consumption in

Now-a-days, deployment of wireless sensor networks for real-time applications has increased a lot. As and when, we talk about monitoring, transmitting (wireless), and controlling various physical conditions at a site, which we basically call a smart system, can be easily achieved by the wireless sensor networks.