Hibernating Frog Research Paper

    Recently, an invasive and lilliputian frog has had a detrimental effect on the Hawaiian environment. Originally from Puerto Rico, the amphibian arrived in Hawaii and spread like a plague. Such a small frog cannot have that big of an impact, right? Wrong. The Coqui frog is a damaging invasive species of the Hawaiian islands due to its lack of natural predators and adaptability, dangerous eating habits, and its easy distribution among the state.

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

Which amphibian has red eyes, yellow feet, and looks like a leaf? Red Eyed Tree Frogs of course! Because Frogs are amphibians, they spend most of their time in water or wet places. Interestingly, Female will lay their eggs in water, when these eggs hatch they become tadpoles. These baby frogs have many stages such as, developing back legs, growing front legs, becoming a juvenile frog, and finally losing its tail and becoming an adult. Red Eyed Tree Frogs Wake up at dusk and go on the prowl for insects and fruit, which are its main diet. Also, when red eyed tree frogs sleep, they curl their feet and shut their eyes, they look exactly like a leaf, this helps from camouflage from predators. These loveable leaping

“Hop-Frog,” composed by Edgar Allen Poe, begins as a classic fairy tale that many are familiar with, but “Hop-Frog” takes a dark and brutal turn as the jokes and humiliation reach a certain extent. Poe introduces Hop Frog and Trippetta first as victims of the king and his seven cabinet council men; due to their physical features and status as the king’s slaves for entertainment and humor. As the reader proceeds to read the great detail given by Poe, the reader begins to understand the abnormality in Hop Frog’s thinking and actions when he becomes fed up. Hop-Frog has no intention in causing any harm or brutality, but there needs to be an end to the torture and embarrassment caused to Hop-Frog and Trippetta. Hop-Frog’s act of revenge is the act of a sane man, but this is due to the abuse of power and authority by the king and his seven council men which lead to the devastating end.

The mountain yellow-legged frog is declining due to the introduction of trout, contaminants, increased levels of ultraviolet radiation, and the fungal disease, chytridiomycosis. David Bradford, one of the first witnesses to the decline in the late seventies, noticed the species dropping because of the red-leg disease. Because this is a secondary infection, the frog’s immune system was weakened before the disease became existent. The chytrid fungus was first cited in the Sierra Nevada in 2001, brought here from African clawed frogs, but studies have suggested that the disease has been evident since the mid-‘70s. Nearly three decades later, the mountain yellow-legged frog is still declining. Currently, with a ninety-eight percent decline, there

Have you ever wondered if there was an animal that was clear and you could see inside it and out the other side? Well you can my essay will be about one of the coolest the 1 the only Glass Frog!

A glass frog that closely resembles Kermit the Frog has been found! Hyalinobatrachium dianae was recently found in the tropical wet forests and premontane rainforests in Costa Rica by researchers from the Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center in April 2015. H. dianae is a type of glass frog that belongs to the genus Hyalinobatrachium and the family Centrolenidae, which consists of about 150 different glass frog species. Senior researcher Dr. Brian Kubicki named the glass frog in honor of his mother, Janet Diane Kubicki, who passionately supported natural history, fishes and amphibians. Today, a very small population of H. dianae can be found at elevations between 400-800 meters in Central and South America.

One animal that prepares for the arrival of winter is the Rana Sylvatica, it is a species of wood frog’s that freezes it self through winter and then comes back to life. The tiny amphibians can survive for weeks with an incredible two-thirds of their body water completely frozen to the point where they are essentially solid frog sicles . Even more incredible is the fact that the wood frogs stop breathing and their hearts stop beating entirely for days to weeks at a time. In fact, during its period of frozen winter hibernation, the frogs physical processes from metabolic activity to waste production grind to a near halt. What’s more the frogs are likely to endure multiple freeze or thaw episodes over the course of a winter.The frogs have

In their movements, northern leopard frogs can encounter native grass prairie as well as crop fields and grazed pastures that potentially can act as barriers to their movements. Since grassland prairie and wetlands in the PPR have been greatly reduced, the wetlands that are highly depended on by the northern leopard frog to complete its’ life cycle in the prairie pothole region have become separated by greater distances. Depending on the cover type through which a frog must move, it can become exposed to the sun, wind, and other environmental factors for longer periods of time that, in turn, could cause them to lose water faster than if moving through a more naturally vegetated area. In addition, they may become more visible to predators.

PC3 (8×104  cells/well) and LNCaP (3×105  cells/well) cells were seeded in 6-well plates in 1.5  mL of complete growth media. Cells were treated with 2.5 μM of free sorafenib or an equivalent sorafenib concentration of SMA-Sor, 3 μM of free nilotinib or an equivalent nilotinib concentration of SMA-Nilo, DMSO or SMA for 48  h. Cell cycle distribution was assessed using propidium iodide staining, as previously described {Somers-Edgar, 2011 #82}. Samples were analysed using a FACScalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and the proportion of cells in each of G0/G1-, S- and G2/M-phases were determined using CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).

The definition of cell growth is an increase in cell population. The cell cycle and regulation points monitor cell growth after each stage, and an alteration in the cycle results in transformed cells. These cells differ from normal cells, because they have an infinite life span due to the evolution of them being stronger, hence the term “survival of

The capability to employ these tools apart from traditional genetic models is critical because, in some circumstances, the best model for a question may not be a traditional genetic model. Despite the fact that there are numerous benefits of studying new model organisms, there are a few challenges. In order to gain insight into the cell biology of new model organisms, they will need to be grown in or near a laboratory, which can be quite challenging because most organisms do not complete their life cycles easily in the laboratory. To make this challenge easier it may be helpful to start with a wide assortment of model organisms that might answer a specific question, and then narrowing it from numerous species to a few. Consulting with others in the research community can benefit by sharing data, organisms, and methods. One exciting benefit of working with new organisms, or organisms that have been less studied, is the constant unexpected surprises and new discoveries that come with closely examining new

The Rana pipien is a frog more commonly known by the name Northern Leopard Frog. They are characterized by dark spots on their dorsal side and dorsolateral folds and considered medium sized. This strong jumper is difficult to catch during the day. It emits startling “warning screams” when jumping into the water and when grabbed. The frog may also release urine to discourage potential predator and reduce weight for jumping. The Rana pipien eats a variety of invertebrates. During winter, they often spend it under under submerged logs or rocks in small streams or marshes where large numbers may congregate.

Cell division is typically explained through the progression of 4 distinct phases, G1, S, G2, and M, and can be tracked through CDK complex concentration ranges. CDKs are cyclin-dependent kinases, which regulate the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells; as suggested by the name, protein kinases are an enzyme that is dependent on cyclin for the regulation of cell division through the addition of phosphate groups. The different stages of the cell cycle correlate with different levels of cyclin and act as a threshold that once reached, triggers a phase transition. For example, for a cell to move out of G2 phase into M phase, Cyclin B interacts with the CDK1 complex, and causes phosphorylation to stimulate the phase shift; however, if the stage is not complete, the whole process slows down to accommodate the discrepancy in CDK complexes (Nelson Education, figure 9.17, page 191). This can be caused by several things, such as the presence of damaged or deformed DNA, or externally through contact inhibition, where a delay in phase shift is caused by partial or incomplete contact of all cells. If there is only partial cell contact, contact inhibition will typically prevent progression past the G1 phase until there is complete cell contact, which can be reflected in variable levels of the CDK complex(Nelson Education, page 191). Overall, CDK regulates cell division through the combination of CDK and cyclin, the activation of protein via a phosphate group that triggers a phase change,

Summary: The basic idea behind cell tracing, as the term suggests, is observing a cell or population of cells over time to record the changes occurring within them. Prospective lineage analysis allows the tracing of pre-selected candidate cells to study their outcome. Whereas, retrospective lineage analysis refers to the systematic analysis of a population of cells at the end of a study/sample collection to determine their origin(s). The simplest method of cell tracing is by direct observation of the cells under the microscope without incorporation of an artificial label, and is commonly applied to study development in lower organisms. When direct observation is not feasible, the introduction of an exogenous marker within the cells facilitates their tracing. There are several ways to introduce an exogenous marker — either by genetic manipulations or by non-genetic means (such as by using vital dyes). Genetic manipulation is preferred to label cells, especially in long-term experiments, as they allow stable incorporation of the label into the cells that remains undiluted over time. Additionally, using genetic methods permits the expression of the label to be constitutive, cell-type specific, or inducible, thus providing greater flexibility to the researcher and allowing both spatial and temporal control over labeling. Cell tracing using genetically introduced labels is called “genetic tracing”. In the following section, I will elaborate on the ROSA genetic tracing approach, a