Hierarchical Bone

Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge-like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body’s structure and support the body’s movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material.

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone

What is osteoporosis exactly? Literally, osteoporosis means “porous bone”. Derived from oste/o, meaning bone, and –porosis, meaning the condition of being porous. It is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Clinically defined as a disorder characterized by compromised bone strength leading to an increased risk of fracture (Lane, 2006). Normal bone structure includes an extracellular matrix with mineralized and non-mineralized components, which gives the bones their mechanical properties, as well as collagen and mineralized osteoid cells. Calcium concentration is extremely important is determining the compressive strength of the bone (Bethel, 2015). The structure of bone in an individual with osteoporosis has lost mineralization and collagen due to a decrease in the production of these components as a result, the bones become porous and brittle. Bone is living tissue, constantly being broken down and reformed through out life. Derived from

Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that normally help long bones withstand lateral stress without breaking.

It is a mineralized connective tissue formed by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen and also release calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions that chemically combine within the collagenous matrix into a crystalline mineral, known as bone mineral, in the form of HA. Therefore, bone tissue is a natural composite consisting of a collagenous matrix and a mineral phase. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic materials with the same hybrid structure that combine the strength, stiffness and osteoconductivity of an inorganic component with the flexibility, toughness and resorbability of an organic phase.[13,14] As such, in recent years, researchers have concentrated on developing the polymer/ceramic nanocomposites, which have the advantages of both polymers (structural stability, strength, biocompatibility and desired shape) and ceramics, and are more similar to natural

Generally, bone can be classified into two categories according to its structure, cortical (compact) and trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. Cortical bone is stiff, with 5–10% porosity, and it makes up approximately 80% of skeletal bone, including cuboidal bones, flat bones, and the ends of long bones. Cortical bone is much denser, stiffer, and stronger than trabecular bone. The average strength of a compact human bone was 105 MPa in a longitudinal compression test, and was 131 MPa in a transversal compression test. In the same experiment, the average longitudinal strength in tension was 53 MPa [39]. In contrast, the porosity of trabecular bone is approximately 50–95%, which is higher than that of cortical bones. The surface area of the

* Guide To Using The Bone Mechanics Series. (n.d.). The Biomechanics of Bone Tissue Part I by Jacob Wilson. Retrieved from http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/magazine03/bonemechanics1.htm

Osteoporosis is a health problem which is on the rise and is affecting primarily women (Nichols, Pavlovic, 2003, p. 447). Osteoporosis is characterized as a disease of the bones whereas the bones becomes weak and very fragile. Many people with this disease often break bones within the hip, spine, and wrist. The bones are easily broken from a minor fall or, in severe cases, from a simple sneeze. The meaning of osteoporosis is “porous bone.” When looking at a healthy bone under a microscope, you will find the resemblance of a honeycomb. Far as osteoporosis, those holes and spaces in a honeycomb are much larger than a healthy bone (National Osteoporosis Foundation).

The bone is hard, made up of collagen together with inorganic substances like calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

Two hundred and six individual bones compose the adult human skeleton. In addition to providing structure and protection for our most vital organs, bones store minerals and aid in blood cell production. They are considered to be just as much a vital organ as the heart or liver. Under normal circumstances, throughout a person’s life as older bone is broken broken down it is immediately rebuilt and replaced but when there is an imbalance in this delicate cycle the bones integrity becomes compromised. Osteoporosis, meaning porous bone, is a disease that occurs when an individual loses too much bone mass, makes to little or a combination of both. This imbalance leaves the bones weak and brittle putting an individual at risk for break or

Bone is a living organism that is continuously regenerating its self through two stages (formation and resorption). In the resorption stage old bone is broken down then removed by cells. Then in the formation stage, new bone is built to replace the old by cells called osteoclasts. When the human body is younger more bone is produced than removed and as the body grows in age it’s the opposite also known as primary osteoporosis since it isn’t caused by other condition or long time medication.

1. Comparison of (a) stiffness, (b) strength and (c) fracture toughness for metals, technical ceramics, composites and fibre reinforced plastics with respect to those of bone

Compact bones are also called cortical bone. Cortical bone is one of the two different bones found in the body. It is covered by periosteum and is lined with endosteum. These bones make up eighty percent of the human skeleton. The remainder is cancellous bone (spongy bone) it has a spongy appearance and is shaped like a cylinder. It is so hard that surgeons would have to use a saw to cut

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones