High Altitude Is Defined As An Elevation Of 1500-3500 Metres

“Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance”

Describe the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air flow during normal inspiration and expiration, referring to Boyle’s law.

1. During exercise: TV will increase. 2. During exercise: IRV will decrease. 3. During exercise: ERV will increase. 4. During exercise: VC will not change. 5. During exercise: TLC will not change.

Hypoxia is one of the major problems associated with this increase in altitude. This is due to the fact that the partial pressure of oxygen decreases proportionately with increases in altitude. Carbon dioxide that is continually excreted from the pulmonary blood to the alveoli along with water vaporizing in the inspired air from the respiratory surfaces dilute the oxygen in the alveoli which cause the oxygen concentration to decrease.

One problem Krakauer was going to have to overcome was the risk of HAPE and HACE. He shares: High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) is less common than High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), but it tends to be even more deadly. A baffling ailment, HACE, occurs when fluid leaks from oxygen-starved cerebral blood vessels, causing severe swelling of the brain, and it can strike with little or no warning. As pressure builds inside the skull, motor and mental skills deteriorate with alarming speed… and often without the victim noticing the change. The next step is coma, and then, unless the afflicted party is quickly evacuated to lower altitude, death.

People might wonder some basic geography of Mount Everest. The first aspect of the geography of mount everest is the elevation. First of all it is the talled above ground mountain with a whopping elevation of 29,035 said Rosenberg. Mooney said that some glaciers are melting up to 8,850 meters up witch is equal to 29,035 feet up. At Everest's highest point, you are breathing in a third of the amount of oxygen you would normally breathe due to the atmospheric pressure (Bromwich).

The altitude that this stage could happen in is between 5000 to 11400 ft.(3) "The body generally has the ability to stave off further effects of hypoxia by increasing the rate and depth of ventilation and cardiac output ".(1) The respiration rate, blood pressure, and the heart rate can rise up in this stage.(2) the arterial oxygen saturations in this stage is between 80 and 90 percent.(1)

Conveying a human to a different atmosphere inflicts barotrauma which is the inability to equalise pressure within the body cavities. Boyle’s law explains as pressure increases on our bodies the volume of our body cavities decrease and as pressure decreases the volume is increased. A changing pressure between a gas space in our bodies causes physical damage to tissue. Astronauts experience this from the change in pressure between their space suits and the shuttle. However, divers are subjected to greater changes in pressure the deeper beneath sea level resulting in more harmful

Early hemodynamic assessment on the basis of physical findings, vital signs, central venous pressure, and urinary output fails to detect persistent global tissue hypoxia. A more definitive resuscitation strategy involves goal-oriented manipulation of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to achieve a balance between systemic oxygen delivery and oxygen demand. End points used to confirm the achievement of such a balance (hereafter called resuscitation end points) include normalized values for mixed venous oxygen saturation, arterial lactate concentration, base deficit, and pH. Mixed venous oxygen saturation has been shown to be a surrogate for the cardiac index as a target for hemodynamic therapy. In cases in which the insertion of a pulmonary-artery catheter is impractical, venous oxygen saturation can be measured in the central circulation (p. 1368).

“The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was attached to the participant’s chest, underarms, and above the nipple line” [4]. Respiratory monitoring was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold’s Gym 390R Cycle Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in subjects’ blood and to measure changes

Mt. Everest was commercialized as mountainous and monstrous. The mountain kills many and climbers see all the dead bodies while they are climbing their way up to the different camps and all of them having hard times breathing and sleeping. The climbers could not breathe and so sleeping was not the best idea because of the lack of air. When they talk about the mountain it seems as if they are making it seem like an unclimbable mountain because of the heights and

At higher altitudes, the amount of air pressure is reduced. If there is less air pressure this means there is a lesser amount of oxygen present. With the oxygen levels decreased, you have to breathe faster and deeper to get the amount of oxygen you would normally have at surface level.

Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude, Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)

lactate paradox may only be a transient feature of hypoxic adaptation at altitude, disappearing in

For example, the kidneys are not effective in compensating for respiratory alkalosis that occurs in response to hyperventilation triggered by emotions, which usually begins quickly and subsides within minutes or hours. However, if alkalosis results from staying at a high altitude over a 2 or 3 day period, the kidneys play a significant role in helping to compensate.