High Frequency Essay

I believe this article is helpful due to the fact that it is full of a lot of lab researches, and statistics provided from medical professionals and it cover a great deal of what my research question is asking. It also talks about some risks of treatments that are given to patients of depression which can somewhat be applied to my question.

When people become depressed, they experience a lack of motivation and energy, which can result in them cutting back on activities, neglecting daily responsibilities and leaving decision-making to others (CCI 2003). Avoiding activities gives the person short-term relief, because they haven’t had to face up to their responsibilities. Unfortunately, long-term, the list piles up and instead of completing the tasks; they think about everything they haven’t done (CCI 2003). They start to feel overwhelmed and guilty that they are inactive, which worsens the depression. Reduced activity levels and behaviours are detrimental to a person’s wellbeing because they become even less motivated, more lethargic and miss out on positive experiences (CCI 2003). Behavioural Activation aims to break this cycle of negative reinforcement,

1. Grohol, J. (2006). Depression Treatment. Psych Central. Retrieved on August 12, 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/depression-treatment/000646

As previously discussed, ISTDP has been empirically shown to be effective for individuals with many different types of somatic disorders, including back pain, pelvic and urinary tract pain, and other types of unexplained chronic pain (Leichsenring, Rabung, & Leibing, 2004). Many people who have TMS also have psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, for which ISTDP has also been shown to be significantly effective (Town & Driessen, 2013). From these studies alone, it is clear and evident that ISTDP is very useful for people with TMS. However, these are not the only reasons why ISTDP is so applicable for TMS patients. As both Dr. Sarno and Dr. Schubiner discuss in their books on psychogenic pain, there are certain personality types

In this article, antidepressant medication (ADM) is described as the most commonly used treatment for severe depression and cognitive therapy (CT) is the most talked about treatment that could be used for severe depression. Although, some patients do not want to take ADMs daily and CT is still being studied as a treatment option for major depression disorder. There was another alternative therapy treatment that was being questioned, behavioral activation therapy. The primary objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy towards adults with major depression disorder. For this study, behavioral activation was studied with cognitive therapy and antidepressant medications in a placebo controlled randomized

In the article by Shinsuke et al., the main objective was concern with the issue of the cerebral blood flow located in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the brain, and how it correlated with the treatment response to low-frequency right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression. Overall, rTMS studies various cognitive functions to help with the ordeal of understanding the brain-behavior relationship in normal individuals, as well with those suffering from a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. The influence of extraneous variables in the experiment were limited due to the participating patients (14 men, 12 women) all meeting the criteria of major depressive disorder labeled in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. However, the patients varied on the specific kind of antidepressant they were prescribed.

Neuroticism was shown to decrease after sessions of MBCT in Shinhoven et al.’s (2017) study, with the researchers concluding MBCT’s possibility of being an effective transdiagnostic approach for emotional disorders and emotional traits that are apparent in chronic depression. Forkmann et al.’s (2016) results found SI reduced after MBCT significantly on the BDI and equal to CBASP on the HAMD measurements. Thus, answering some of Davidson’s (2016) qualms with kinds of patients is MBCT works most effective on. Also, all studies followed the protocol of Segal et al. (2002), remaining consistent, and showing positive results. Likja et al. (2016) had a 30% relapse rate just following the protocol, with positive changes holding true from the 12-month mark to the 15-month mark. Segal et al. (2002) seems to have developed a good approach to preventing relapse in patients with recurrent depression, the research and Europe seems to back them up. However, there are still questions to be answered as Davidson pointed out, MBCT coupled with exercise is an interesting and proactive idea to lower relapse

This effect is quicker than the time it takes for antidepressant drugs to begin working. In a study involving eleven adult participants between the ages of 26-39 who were diagnosed with Seasonal Affective Disorder, light therapy produced a reduction of 5-HTT BPND (serotonin transporter binding) in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices (which play a role in negative emotions and the recall of positive events, respectively) (Tyrer et al., 2016). More specifically, the researchers concluded that light therapy produces an effect on the retina and dorsal raphe nucleus, as well as in connections through the suprachiasmatic nucleus and hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus to the median raphe nuclei that potentially decrease 5-HTT levels globally across the brain. This treatment effect significantly helped with participants’ SAD symptoms, and it points to a tangible and clinically effective result in the brain from light therapy treatment.

The treatment provided to patients continually utilizes new and groundbreaking methods including medication, therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS therapy to patients suffering with clinical depression. Short,

A probable reason why CBT works with depressed patients is that depression interacts with both cognitive and motivational processes. This is well evidenced in experimental analogue research with healthy and depressed individuals. Individuals with depression show deficits on a range of cognitive tests (Brown, Scott, Bench, 1994) with the pattern of dysfunction having many of the characteristics associated with fronto-subcortical impairment. Reischies and Neu (2000) found that depressed individuals displayed mild cognitive impairments in comparison with matched controls, particularly in the areas of "adverbial" memory, psychomotor speed and verbal fluency. Further in these patients there appears to be considerable variation in the recovery of cognitive function with remission of the depressive episode.

Ostrove (2013) wanted to examine the effectiveness of a sensory modulation intervention in decreasing symptoms of mental illness, including anxiety, depression, and

Dr. Sterman questioned if he could train the cats to produce the SMR rhythm at will and rewarded them when the frequency was produced. This experiment was the first to prove that brain behavior could be changed and affected by EEG conditioning over time. These findings laid the foundation for what we now call frequency band neurofeedback, which targets abnormal activity in frequency bands (Mayer & Arns, 2016). A great deal of experimentation with quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) began in the 1970s and 1980s. Over the last decade, the medical view of the brain as changed dramatically and overwhelming evidence exist for the plasticity of the brain, especially in childhood (Gevensleben, Moll, Rothenberger, & Heinrich, 2014). These current finding has placed attention on neurofeedback as a novel treatment using neuroplasticity to improve attention and many other psychological

This neurological disease is the top most common disease worldwide, with a disease this severe treatment is rated at average (Hajcak, Kotov, Perlman & Weinberg 1.) An intriguing method to aid in the treatment for depression, goes by the title, STEPS. STEPS, is a multitude of methods to assist in the treatment of depression (Hill, Kuyen & Richards 1.) This method begins with a random, controlled trials. An average of 60 patients, diagnosed with depression, have been chosen at random and the trial will last for six months. Each patient that is chosen at random, will either receive stepped care or intensive psychological therapy. Stepped care is a method of using a combination of self guidedhelp and low cognitive behavioral therapy, the patient may have to receive high cognitive behavioral therapy due to higher treatment. The patients are tracked approximately 30 minutes apart, after the care, an assessment will be provided (Hill, et al 7.) Intensive therapy is similar to stepped care, high cognitive behavioral therapy, the only difference is regarding the absence of guided self help (Hill, et al

As the literature remains inconclusive as to the relation between current major treatment modalities and depressive disorder, and given the extremities of the potential dangers of antidepressant medications, it is apparent that there is a need to develop new interventions, which show greater efficacy, safety, and acceptability.

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