High Rate of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

Ischaemic heart disease is one of the most commonly encountered systemic diseases in dental practice in the general population. Ischemic heart disease is characterized by a reduction (partial or total) in coronary blood flow. In 90% of all cases this occurs following thrombus formation secondary to an atheroma plaque that occludes the arterial lumen, though other factors such as cold, physical exercise or stress can act as co adjuvant factors or (less frequently) trigger the event themselves. Angina and myocardial infarction are included in ischaemic heart disease2.

In this article, two of these studies are mentioned. One of the studies was conducted in Nepal with a sample size of 976 children from three to nine years of age. Each group received a different treatment for caries, except on group which served as the control group, receiving no treatment. The children that had received the 38% silver diamine application showed a significantly higher amount of arrested caries, and even after the two-year follow-up, still had a notable difference in their amount of arrested caries than those who did not receive that treatment. The other study mentioned in this article took place in China with a sample size of 375 children. In this study, each child was placed into one of five groups. In this study, the children receiving the 38% silver diamine fluoride once a year, had the best results with a higher amount of arrested caries than children that used other treatments, such as sodium fluoride every three months instead of one year. The children that received the sodium fluoride application on their teeth resulted having more arrested caries than the children that received no treatment. However, the silver diamine fluoride was the most effective treatment and required only one application per

Healthcare teams often work together to augment the oral health of patients prior to cardiac surgery. This is commonly referred to as dental clearance prior to cardiac surgeries in this essay; I will focus on the rationale behind dental clearance for patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement. Dental clearance is the process when the patients who are referred from the cardiac surgery division, are assessed by the dental team for dental and oral concerns. And based on the finding the dentist might recommend a treatment plan before clearing the patient. These might include but not limited to, tooth extractions, dental hygiene, periodontal evaluation, fillings and oral surgery procedures.

Caring for your child’s teeth is an extremely important part of what you do each and every day. Those little smiles are going to grow up, and as they do, they will need dental care! What some parents fail to realize is that the health of the baby teeth will often be a predictor of the health of the adult teeth.

Nitric oxide synthase have been implicated in many aspects of human development and disease. Inhibition of iNOS or lowered levels of NO have been shown to help prevent ischaemic brain injury (4), reduce cellular markers of inflammation in osteoarthritis (5), speed differentiation and decrease survival of embryonic stem cells (6), reduction in IBS inflammation (7), protection from Alzheimer’s like symptoms in mice (8), and changes in cardiovascular function

Cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated levels of cholesterol and lipids in the blood, high blood pressure, and smoking cigarettes are causing the reduction in nitrogen oxide (NO) bioavailability, thus resulting into endothelium dysfunction.2 This further gives a rise to reactive oxidative species such as superoxide.6 NADPH oxidase is the principal source of reactive oxygen species, therefore fully understanding the function of NADPH oxidase in cardiovascular disease can bring a new insight in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases via controlling oxidative stress.15 An ultimate product of NADPH oxidase (O2- ) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived product NO combine with one another to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Peroxynitrite

The creator of an unsymmetrical smile covered with hundreds of toxic bacteria, a combination of yellow and brown rather than white, some even black as the tiny teeth decay-- Early Childhood Caries. The American Academy of Dentistry defines Early Childhood Caries (ECC) as "The presence of 1 or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surface in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger" (15). According to Collins, the lack of dental hygiene practiced in infants and toddlers has led ECC to be one of the most frequent childhood diseases seen by a dentist and continues to thrive in the mouths of infants and toddlers across the United States (2). Dental hygiene such as simply brushing an infant's

Teeth are the hardest substances in the human body and help us in everyday life. They aid in our speech, eating and also give shape in our face and mouth (Taylor, 2014). Without teeth, we would have to eat foods that didn’t require chewing, and learn to speak without some of the common sounds and letters in the alphabet. However, our everyday activities such as eating and drinking can damage our teeth. Foods and drinks with a high acid or sugar content can lead to damage and a slow break down the protective enamel surrounding your teeth. (Serio, 2010).

The period of critically lowered pH needed for caries to develop depends on the type and frequency of carbohydrates consumed. Sucrose (table sugar) and monosaccharaides cause a rapid and large pH drop, increasing the risk of dental caries. In most developing low-income countries, the prevalence rate of dental caries is high and more than 90% of caries is untreated. The level of caries is higher for the primary dentition than the permanent dentition for children of several developing countries as shown recently for China, Thailand, Madagascar and Niger

Nitric oxide is a gaseous molecule that is particularly important to human physiological functioning. It is particularly important in processes like blood flow, muscle contraction, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of human cells. It is for these reasons that in theory if the production of nitric oxide were to be enhanced, it would lead to better exercise or athletic performance.

in human diets, marked differences exist between nitrites that are added to foods and those that

These concerns are correct, however, in order for nitrate and nitrites to cause significant health damage, they need to be consumed in very large amounts. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Some people who ate food or drank fluids that contained unusually high concentrations of nitrite experienced methemoglobinemia (decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues).” Because of this, the EPA has established the maximum amount of nitrate and nitrite containment levels and The Food and Drug Administration regulates the amount of these chemicals allowed in bottled water. Drinking contaminated water has the potential of exceeding recommended limits and threatening the life of the

The body is interconnected. A clean mouth promotes a healthy heart. One of the most preventable heart conditions, a diseased mitral valve, can be avoided with good oral hygiene. Additionally, a heart infection called endocarditis begins in the mouth.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. The high range of cardiovascular deaths is due to the severe effects on the heart. The heart works to pump blood in and out of the heart to the organs of the body. A blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels can cause a heart attack or severe complications of the heart. There are many different types of cardiovascular diseases that can affect a patient 's health and can cause complications of dental treatment. It is important during the medical history to be aware of the patient’s health history, including cardiovascular diseases and observing potential risk factors. Patient 's with cardiovascular disease have a higher ASA physical status due to the systemic disease, which needs to be addressed before continuing the treatment process due to treatment modifications or limitations. Certain special needs of these patients must be identified for further treatment. The two cardiovascular diseases being discussed in this paper are myocardial infarction and hypertensive cardiovascular disease.

Oral tissue loss is a major problem both globally and in the United States, and can be caused by disease, trauma, and/ or congenital abnormalities1. In fact, tooth loss is the most common form of organ failure 2. Tooth loss not only cultivates medical problems and pain, but also lowers one’s quality of life, a field receiving increasing attention in the healthcare community. Dental caries is an infectious disease characterized by bacterially induced decay of the tooth that damages tooth enamel, dental pulp, and dentin. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), 50% of Americans experience tooth decay