High Rise Buildings

One of the innovations was the construction of skyscrapers. Before steel was used, a skyscraper was only considered four to five stories tall and was made out of stone. Very little light was able to get into the building because the structure would become unsafe if too many windows were put in. This made the building very dark, cold and damp. In 1885, with the innovation of steel, the first skyscraper, The Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois. This building paved the way for architects around the country to build taller and stronger skyscrapers into today’s times.

During this part of the report, I will be discussing what problems could occur during each phase (pre-construction, construction, post construction) and how you can go about preventing this from

Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time.

are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken

Great care is taken in construction process so that the structure is neat, attractive and follows plans accurately.

Further one this assignment will continue on the infrastructure of the economy which supports construction, this will include told, power tools, transport for materials and any objects used in order to complete a construction project which has to be order, rented or a special efforts made n order to allow for these certain services.

City Hall’s recent push to allow more development of buildings across Long Beach has caused controversy between residents and city officials. The controversy revolves around a city policy document known as the Land Use Element which was written in 1989, a time when Long Beach had 44,000 less residents. The Land Use Element sets basic rules for what kinds of buildings can be built in a given neighborhood. City officials are now attempting to re-write the policy for the first time since 1989. As presently drafted, the Land Use Element does not allow developers to add more dwelling in taller buildings. The proposed draft calls for taller buildings, including five- and six- story buildings around the Traffic Circle, and 10-story buildings in the

2. Aren’t there policies that already insure the structure of buildings? In California, there are significant building codes already in place, but other places do not. According to

Some of the important clients that participated in the Preparation and construction of the “Freedom Tower” include multiple Engineering firms, architects, construction mangers, and numerous Cad Technicians for modeling. All major clients are portrayed in Figure 2- Table of Major Clients.

*This was a build/design project. The idea of making design decisions after construction was underway is an recipe for catastrophe in a project of this magnitude. The city's insistence that this be held to a tight schedule yet allowing multiple design changes was unfortunate. There were too many players, lots of pressure, and the whole project was run by committee with differing agendas. The project administrators had to balance administrative, political, and social imperatives.

“The idea was to incorporate a building that could be easily be built and taken down both constructively and economically. Most ideas involved a long, one-story building made of brick. The problem was that it looked far too solid difficult to remove later and it might be even harder to light- not to mention that it probably could not be built in time. Further debates and redrafting delayed the project even further.” (1)

High Density is viewed as a key strategy to manage urban growth and is becoming an increasing feature of city plans; our very own city is an example of this.

a) Many office buildings were built, including Canary Wharf. Large newspaper companies were attracted to the Docklands, away from Fleet Street because of the new Canary Wharf building. This is one of the tallest buildings in England, at 800ft high and boasting 50 stories. Companies were attracted to Canary Wharf because of the quality of it with air conditioning, deep floors, and open office space. Building space in London was short and expensive.

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

The mixture of buildings of different conditions are necessary to public life because it otherwise would be neither interesting nor fascinating. But the main reasons are because they ensure low rent yields, encouraging the growth of small enterprises. Large swatches of new construction would only prevent income since not many would afford it, and the demand for it would not be as large as it would need to be.