High Tech Crime Operations: The Rational Choice Theory

The Deterrence theory is a key element in the Criminal Justice System. It’s principles about justice appeal to us because it adapts to our ideas of what we identify as fairness. Punish the sinful and the ones who break the law, swiftly, to the extent that pain will dissuade them from committing a crime ever again. Its sole purpose, to instill fear. Fear of breaking the law because of its punishments. We not only use this theory to punish criminals, but it is a basis in which we raise our kids and pets on, that breaking the rules can lead to consequences. The deterrence theory says that people obey the law because they are scared of getting caught and being punished. It is said that people do not commit crimes because they are afraid of getting caught, instead they are being motivated by some other deep need. In my paper, I will address the two theorists who re-conceptualized the deterrence theory, the principles and two types of deterrence as well as give short insight into my own opinions on the deterrence theory.

Situational Crime Prevention Situational crime prevention constitutes primary crime prevention measure. This is to say that it is aimed at deterring crime before it occurs. Situational prevention, like other similar primary prevention measures, focuses on subduing crime opportunities instead of the attributes of criminals or even potential criminals. It seeks to curtail opportunities for certain groups of crime by increasing the risks and difficulties associated with them and significantly reducing the rewards. Situational prevention is made up of three key elements: a sound theoretical framework, an authoritative methodology for dealing with specific crimes, and a collection of opportunity-reducing approaches (Felson & Clarke, 1997).

Various crime prevention strategies can use the trends in female and male crime patterns. The information can be used to assess the responses by the justice and the social

Written Assignment 1 (Due October 1st ) Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental action, however much of it may appear to be irrational or non-rational. I believe that the Rational Choice Theory would be most beneficial in the reduction or control of crime.

A study that focused on a increase in meetings of the police and the community resulted in no decrease in victimization in the targeted community (Wycoff & Skogan, 1993). A study increased foot patrols showed no decrease in crime in the area (Police Foundation, 1981). A study done on newsletters focusing on crime data did not reduce crime or vcimitaptzion among the reciepents of the letter in both Houston and Newark (Pate, A. M, Lavrakas, P. J., Wycoff, M. A., Skogan, W. G., & Sherman, L. W., 1985). A study showed that neighborhoods of poverty had neighborhood watch programs that were less effective (Bennet, 1990). A neighborhood block watch had no impact on victimization and or crime (Pate, A. M., McPherson, M., & Silloway,

Mass Shooting in USA Among many ways of prevention from high level incidents such as gun shooting crimes, one of the most important and helpful way is prevention through proper security laws. There is also a great quote that "prevention is better than cure". Prevention is almost considered as half the

Classic Deterrence Theory A rational person is thought to measure both the gains and losses before committing a crime and would more than likely to be deterred from violating the law they believed the loss was greater than the gain according to the deterrence theory. The deterrence theory is based on

They examined 102 evaluations of situationally focused crime prevention projects and evaluated 574 observations by using certain search strategy, inclusion and coding strategies, and quantitative analytical approach, including the gross effect (GE), net effect (NE), the total net effect (TNE), and the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) (Bowers and Johnson, 2003; Clarke and Eck, 2005). They found that the possibility of diffusion of benefits (27%) was even a little bit greater than the possibility of displacement (26%). This provided the consistent support for the argument that crime did not simply relocate because of the situational intervention, however, its opposite, the diffusion of benefit was more likely to happen. Moreover, even though displacement could happen in some situation, crimes tended to be less than before, so the initiatives were surely

White-collar crime is usually a non-violent crime, generally of a financial nature, that’s committed by business people or public officials. The name white collar comes from the fancy button-up dress shirts that people in those professions are generally known to wear.

In the 574 observations, it was examined that the most observable displacement and diffusion was spatial, it was followed by offense, target, and tactical. In the different studies that were examined, it was found out that 26 percent of displacement was observed in about 1 of 4 instances and in diffusion it was 27 percent was observed. On the other hand, 13 studies with 19 observations were identified for the closer determination of crime displacement and diffusion effects. In the said study, it is only limited for spatial displacement and diffusion because of this reasons, it presented raw crime rates and the research design used must consist at lists three areas which are treatment, catchment, and control. In the analytical findings of the 13 studies, it was examined that displacement and diffusion has a positive effect for the reduction of crimes. The study of Guerette and Bowers provides variety of valuable information on situational crime prevention. Their studies involve both the descriptive and analytical examination of the facts that they have

"Rational choice" theory, which is a result from the expected utility model in economics has become a major subject topic in criminology, sociology, political science, and law. Akers (1990), writes that rational choice has become part of modern criminology and has proved to be very valuable. Rational choice encourages realistic work with decision making for certain crimes and criminal activities. Akers (1990) article provides no new ideas towards the rational choice studies. Most of the writings demonstrate how to assess different criminal behaviors and the justice system.

Ronald Clarke (1983) said the following about situational crime prevention: “Situational crime prevention can be characterized as comprising measures (1) directed at highly specific forms of crime (2) that involved the management, design, or manipulation of the immediate environment in as systematic and permanent a way as possible (3) so as to reduce the opportunities for crime and increase the risks as perceived by a wide range of offenders” (Lab, 2016, 216). What this means is that situational crime prevention focuses on certain people, places, problems, and times, rather than trying to take control over an entire community. It also means that much more focus and planning will take place to try and control these certain possibilities since these individual factors are ultimately the focus of crime prevention. The final part, which is the most important, is the idea that situational crime prevention can affect offending in a positive way. Situational crime prevention is important because it focuses on the idea of rational choice theory, which is the idea that offenders make the conscious decision to offend.

As applied to the criminal law, it states that in many situations, the reason that people commit a crime is because they have chosen to which is known as “Rational choice theory”. This where people have the intent to commit a crime, and follow through on that crime. The motive for committing the crime has much to do with the advantages of what one will gain. For example; a suspect breaks into a store to steal food because there kids are starving and there’s no money to feed them. Another example is where you help a spouse, or family member get illegal prescription drugs because they are really sick or in pain and you feel the last resort is to steal it for them, not because you want it for your own personal gain but to help the situation. The

The need for law enforcement is mandatory for a war against crime, but prevention has made great impact in high level. Criminal profilers can track criminals and DNA can seal the case. Crime prevention is at an all-time high .research prove that high-rise housing projects did nothing to help poverty, instead were propagation grounds for crime. As much needs to be done in rehabilitation as in focusing on prevention to avoid are two steps back after every ten steps forward. Instead of concerned with punishment and revenge, Rehabilitation should gained more focus.

Rational Choice Theory attempts to provide proof that offenders make a rational choice to commit crime by measuring all possibilities and outcomes instead of influence as many other theory explained. According to the RCT, Offenders are usually searching for advantage from their antisocial behavior. Rational Choice Theory also adopts