Hind Brain

The cortex, also called gray matter, is the most external layer of the brain and predominantly contains neuronal bodies (the part of the neurons where the DNA-containing cell nucleus is located). The gray matter participates actively in the storage and processing of information. An isolated clump of nerve cell bodies in the gray matter is termed a nucleus (to be differentiated from a cell nucleus). The cells in the gray matter extend their projections, called axons, to other areas of the brain.

During brain development, beginning in the womb into adulthood, all of these cells must be grouped and organized into specific networks, which create the architecture of the brain (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). The brainstem, the diencephalon, the cortex and the limbic system are the four major parts of the brain. The brain is organized from the inside out, thus, “the lower and most central regions of the brainstem and diencephalon are the simplest” (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006, p. 21) and are also the first to form, therefore, developing first as the child grows and develops (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). As the brain develops upward and outward, the limbic system becomes more complex and the cortex is the crowning achievement of the brain structure (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). These four areas of the brain are organized from top to bottom and inside to outside, although these four areas are interconnected, each one controls different functions such as the brainstem controls body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, as well as respiration. The limbic system and diencephalon control emotional responses that help to guide one’s behavior such as fear, love, joy and anger. The cortex, the top part of the brain, regulates the complex and high functions such as speech, critical thinking, and decision-making (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). The

The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction.[1] The term "limbic" comes from Latin limbus, loosely translating as "border" or "belt".

These psychological disorders originate from different area of the brain. The brain consists of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is made up of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain comprises the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. The midbrain, pons, and medulla in conjunction are typically called the brainstem.

What is one of the oldest (evolutionarily) structures in the human brain? What does this structure do?

The brain stem or the medulla is the closest to the spinal cord. The brainstem is responsible for most of the human bodily functions. The brain stem is critical for human survival and normal human functions. The brain stem is also responsible for information of pain and touch from the head and neck; it is also responsible for the inputs from the face and the mouth. Reticular formation is a group of neurons, nuclei, that are important for sleep and wakefulness. In reticular formation there is nuclei that are a major source of neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is important for regulating mood and activities.

The Broca’s area, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and occipital lobes all play major roles in our brain activity and are necessary for the human body to perform and carry out certain tasks. They each play individual roles that are vital and must come together and function with each other to allow us to participate in everyday activities. They let us hangout with our best friends and be able to interact

The hippocampus, which is the Latin word for seahorse, is named because of the shape it holds (Hippocampus). It is the neural center in the limbic system (Myers, 368). This system is located in the temporal lobe, close to the center of the brain. The hippocampus is essentially involved with the storage of long-term memory, especially of past knowledge and experiences (Hippocampus). The hippocampus is also vitally important to the creation of new memories, and without it humans would always be living in the past.

The frontal lobe contains two key structures that have a great impact on mood, behavior and judgment. These structures are located in the outer area of the cerebrum towards the front of the skull (Carlson, 2013). This paper will discuss the function and structure of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (including the orbitofrontal cortex) and the Dorsolateral Cortex.

Within the subcortical structures, underneath the cortex, are the thalamus, amygdala, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These structures provide all sensory and motor responses, emotional and social responses, and support memory recognition.

According to Lu and Bludua, the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere is called the cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the brain. Under the cortex is the limbic system, which consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In the temporal lobe, the amygdale purpose is to store and process strong feeling such as fear. Behind the amygdala is the hippocampus, which channels making memories and learning into short term memory. Then short term memory converts into long term memory. On the top of the brain stem is the thalamus. The thalamus is the “central processing center of the limbic system” (Lu & Bludau, 2011) which accumulates, processes, and distributes limbic and sensory information to the cerebral cortex. Beneath the thalamus is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and the body’s equilibrium. To keep the system at a set point, the equilibrium monitors body temperature, blood pressure, body weight, fluid

The human brain contains about 100 billion neurones, and has an average volume of 1200-1400mL. Once brain cells die, they stay dead forever.
The brain controls and regulates body functions. Without it you cannot survive. Damage to the brain is repaired slowly. Sometimes other parts of the brain take over the function of the damaged parts, but there are instances where brain damage is permanent.

The Cerebrum:
Associated with higher brain function, such as thought and action. The cerebrum obtains information from an individual’s surroundings and their body, and then sends that information to a specific part of the cerebrum. The cerebrum interprets this knowledge and decides what must happen next. The muscles and sensory information from the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain, and vice versa.

Occupies more than 80% of the brain, and contains over 10 billions neurones. The folds in the cerebrum are called ‘convolutions’, and are used to fit more neurones and information in. These folds increase its surface area by three times. It is here that the high intellectual functions of humans take place. The cerebrum controls you conscious thoughts and the intentional (voluntary)

The hindbrain, located directly above the spinal cord, contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.The medulla controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, digestion, and maintaining an up right posture. As well, the medulla is where nerves from the left brain transfer to the right and nerves from the right brain transfer to the left. Below the medulla are the pons. The pons control sleep and arousal. Behind both the medulla and the pons is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in regulation and coordination of body movements and learning.

The human brain is a mystery that has been studied for centuries in attempt to understand how it functions. Scientists first thought that the brain was a structure that functioned a whole. It was in the early 1600’s where the first ideas of localisation of function in the brain started. At this time Rene Descartes discovered a tiny structure called the pineal

The cortex consists of four sections, called "lobes". The frontal lobe is connected to reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with balance, recognizing, and movement. The occipital lobe is associated with vision. The temporal lobe is connected to hearing, memory, and speech. The cortex is highly wrinkled, making the brain more convenient, as this increases the brain's surface area, giving it more room for neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres- the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere is associated with creativity, and the left one is linked with logic. A bundle of nerve fibers, known as the corpus callosum connects these "hemispheres" (Brain Structures and their Functions). The cerebellum, which is also known as the "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum, since it also has two hemispheres and a highly folded surface. This part of the brain is linked with movement and balance. The cerebellum is assumed to be older than the cerebrum "evolutionarily" (Brain Structures and Their Functions). The brain stem controls basic life functions such as blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat. Scientists say that the brain stem is the simplest part of the brain (Brain Structures and Their Functions).