Hip Fractures And The Most Serious Clinical Consequence Of Osteoporosis

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

Osteoporosis is a major public heath treat for more than 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom are women. In the U.S. today, 10 million individuals

Osteoporosis is commonly known around the world as the numbers continue to increase every year. Osteoporosis is known to cause problems in middle aged women and occasionally effecting some men (1), currently reaching the number of 200million women diagnosed with osteoporosis (2). Arthritis Organisation states that anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more likely than men to develop it, with two main reasons contributing to this fact. For several years after menopause occurs (ovaries stop producing oestrogen), the process of bone loss speeds up, increasing the chance of being diagnosed with osteoporosis. Yet men generally reach a higher level of bone density before the process of bone loss begins. Although

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture.[1] Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may also develop in men, and may occur in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal

According to Osteoporosis (2011) “United States has the highest rate in the world in cases of osteoporosis. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) estimates that 10 million people (8 million women and 2 million men) in the United States have osteoporosis as of 2012” (Page 10).

Nearly 55 million Americans are estimated to have osteoporosis, making it one of the most common diseases among American seniors. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 50 percent of women and 25 percent of men over the age of 50 will end up a broken bone as a result of osteoporosis. In fact, according to May Clinic,

“Worldwide, osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures annually, resulting in an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds” (Johnell, 2006 ). Making Osteoporosis a severe musculoskeletal disease. We will cover any the expected findings, signs and symptoms that you will find upon your assessment. It will also cover the routes of treatments, medications and preventive measures to emphasize to your client and the results and complications that can arise if these rules cannot be met. It will conclude with detailed nursing interventions as well as risks and what to express to your client upon discharge.

Osteoporosis is translated from the Greek and literally means “porous bone “ .It is the most common chronic, metabolic bone disease in the U.S.A, resulting in osteopenia and fractures in spine , hip and wrist. In addition osteoporosis is progressive, and the skeletal fragility often leads to disabling fractures (hip fractures) and even death. Primary osteoporosis is a result of aging, whereas secondary osteoporosis occurs at any age, is a consequence to certain medication as well as diseases.

rates in both sexes. Individual fracture risk is inversely related to bone density, which in

Osteoporosis is a secondary aging musculoskeletal disorder that increases bone degeneration and disruption of bone mineral development. A major challenge with treating osteoporosis lies in the difficulty of diagnosing it in the early stages, because no symptoms appear until an actual complication such as a bone fracture occurs. Thus, osteoporosis is known as a “silent disease” (Cosman, 2014). During the childhood years, bones normally grow in size and strength until the person’s peak bone mass has been reached at approximately 20 years old. Around 40 to 50 years old, men and women are affected by age related decline in bone mass (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.). Women above 40 years old and of Chinese or Caucasian ethnicity are of high risk for developing osteoporosis (Wilbiks lecture, 2014). Other risk contributions to the condition include old age, female gender, small body size, low calcium and vitamin D, decrease of estrogen, lack of exercise and genetics. A slender, thin-boned tall woman is at greater risk for osteoporosis compared to a woman with a proportional amount of fat, bone and height. To prevent the development osteoporosis, people who are at high risk should take preventative measures, and this guide suggests three methods that have been supported by various researchers: 1) Supplementing calcium into diet; 2) Changing lifestyle patterns; and 3) Quitting smoking. All these preventative measures have been shown to

It is believed that low Vitamin D levels cause hip fractures, but there is limited information available on vitamin D levels in US women admitted with acute hip fractures. Research was done to determine whether postmenopausal women with hip fractures have low Vitamin D and high parathyroid levels compared with non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic women admitted for elective joint replacement.

Older women have to go through menopause, which is a normal transition in life out of menstruation. The drug companies have medicalized this natural process; now menopause often causes fear in woman about aging and chronic diseases (Abramson). Drug companies have attempted to profit from this fear with the “menopause disease”, of Osteoporosis (Abramson). It is all about the loss of bone density and the resulting fractures that inevitably happens. Fosamax is the prescription of choice for this disease and the scientific data shows it increases bone density (Abramson). However, the same data, when examined closer, shows that woman using the drug to improve bone density are 84 percent more likely to suffer a hip fracture (Abramson). Alternatively, a calcium and vitamin D rich diet and weight bearing exercises like walking or climbing stairs will help prevent falls (Carr, Rabkin, and Skinner 32). Falls are the top cause of the fractures in senior woman and exercising is 200 percent more effective than Fosamax for preventing fractures (Abramson). Once again, a pill comes before a reliable and healthy fix.

Osteoporosis is described by the NHS as “a condition that weakens bones” and is fairly common, affecting roughly 3 million, with more than 300,000 people receiving treatment each year. Fractures are extremely common as the weakened bones are more susceptible to damage, even coughing may cause vertebral damage. Osteoporosis can be classified as type I or II, “both type I and type II osteoporosis occur through an imbalance between total skeletal bone formation and bone resorption which is sustained over many years” (Theobald, 2005), and are related to a lack of vitamin

Osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis are both common forms of arthritis. Arthritis is a highly prevalent disease that affects 8.5 million people in the UK and almost a quarter of doctor’s visits regard this illness. Osteoporosis causes disproportionate bone loss and inadequate bone replacement. The bone loss causes weakness, so osteoporosis often causes fractures in the vertebral column, femur and radius. Osteoporosis is more common in women, with one in three women developing it in their lifetimes. The proportion of men who develop osteoporosis is much lower, with only one in ten who are sufferers. Osteoporosis based fractures are more widespread in Caucasian