Historical Boundaries Of Anhedonia

The film Captain America is a classic piece of American cinema that was intended to ignite patriotism in the hearts of all who view it. To accomplish this task the director had to make connections between the audience and the hero. The film uses pathos ethos and logos to make this necessary connection. Through these aspects the director is able to show the true character of Captain America and also successfully develop what kind of character he is. Although pa-thos ethos and logos all play a role in the development of the film without an emotional con-nection through pathos the other two would not be nearly as effective.

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The case of Norma Jeane Mortenson, famously known as Marilyn Monroe, is exponential for the type of female psychosexual dysfunction called anorgasmic disorder.

Staying on the subject of separating mental illness from life’s “ups and downs,” what is the definition of normal human unhappiness? Has this ever been clearly defined, measured, or interpreted? And, how does a diagnoses involving unhappiness make that condition disabling? With these two questions, it is probable that many problems that would receive a diagnosis under the DSM-5® are painful but not disabling. As Paris rightly states, “The overdiagnosis of major depression, based on its overly broad definition, is one of the most serious problems in contemporary psychiatry” (p. 82).

Schizophrenia is a chronic, psychotic disorder in which the affected individual feels a disconnection from reality, chaotic thought patterns, delusions, hallucinations and various disturbances in behavioural, emotional and intellectual perception. Schizophrenia is often linked to an irregular balance of dopamine in the brain and defects of the frontal lobe (The American Heritage medical dictionary, 2007). The symptoms of schizophrenia can be broken down into two categories: negative symptoms and positive symptoms. The negative symptoms include an absence of normal function, including: alogia, anhedonia, depressed appearance and apathy (Ayd, 1995), however this essay will focus primarily on the positive

Within this case study, there is a clear dissonance between a culturally-competent, anthropologically-accurate diagnosis and a psychiatric diagnosis. While the patient is clearly suffering from a form of Depression (most specifically, Major Depressive Disorder), her original diagnosis of neurasthenia speaks to the influence of culture on the presentation and understanding of one’s illness. The patient hails from south-central China, in the Hunan Province, and this background ultimately informs her disorder.

The above brief statement is, according to Psychology Today, what defines Schizophrenia or a person that has schizophrenia; this statement is and would be accepted by many in the psychiatric field and many in the general public to represent what they would also define as schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to test this definition, especially in reference to the words “illness” and “disease”, for it could be argued that schizophrenia doesn’t or at least shouldn’t fall under such medical or biological categorization. By addressing the theoretical underpinnings of the medical and social models of mental health and mental distress, especially in terms of the way schizophrenia is defined, diagnosed and treated it is hoped that it

Human emotion is complicated. Even more complicated is the early-Twentieth Century notion that some emotions are abnormal and susceptible to change via medications that alter brain chemistry. This is the idea that the field of psychopharmacology is based on. In addition to traditional talk-therapy, psychiatrists can now prescribe psychotropic or psychoactive medication and in his essay, “Head Case: A Critic at Large”, Louis Menand writes about the validity of using psychoactive medication in treating mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Central to Menand’s essay is his discussion of the validity of the “disorders” themselves.

Also the causes of the disorder and last but not least the cures of the disorder. But there will also be a twist. One will pick a character from the story Macbeth and tell about what disorder they have. The one chosen in this paper is Lady Macbeth. There will also be an effective treatment plan.

Koukopoulos and Sani (2013) found that in ancient times the core of depression with mixed features consisted of the following excitatory symptoms: agitation, anxiety, anger, racing and crowded thoughts, irritability, and rage. The DSM-5 criterion for mixed features mentions only two of the seven symptoms (Koukopoulos & Sani, 2013). In more recent literature as referenced by the DSM-5 mood disorders work group, it was found that some of the authors did not find any of the proposed DSM-5 symptoms for depression with mixed features diagnostically relevant. The first two diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM-5 are euphoria and grandiosity, which were found to be too rare to be considered important because they are so infrequently occurring in a small amount of depressive patients (Koukopoulos & Sani, 2013).

One may have heard of schizophrenia, but they might not understand what it is. Schizophrenia is “one of the most serious [psychological disorders that] involves severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes” (Hockenbury 564). People who suffer from schizophrenia do not have a good grip on reality. Unfortunately, “they become engulfed in an entirely different inner world, one that is often characterized by mental chaos, disorientation, and frustration” (Hockenbury 564). People who have schizophrenia can develop positive or negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are defined as: “extra feelings or behaviors that are usually not present”(cite). Examples of positive symptoms include: “believing that what other people are saying is not true (delusions), hearing, seeing, tasting, feeling, or smelling things that others do not experience (hallucinations), or disorganized speech and behavior.” (I moved this so that it flowed a little better instead of jumping between positive and negative). On the other hand, negative symptoms are defined as: “lack of behaviors or feelings that usually are present” (cite). Negative symptoms include “losing interest in everyday activities, feeling out of touch with other people, family, or friends, lack of feeling or emotion, having little emotion or inappropriate feelings in certain situations, and having less ability to experience pleasure” (What 1).

In this paper, “happiness” is defined as the brief pleasure obtained from specific levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine or serotonin being released into the synapses. This type of happiness is, by nature, short-lived and due to a specific positive event. However, the focus of the paper will be what Martin Seligman, father of positive psychology, calls “flourishing” (Kovac). Flourishing could be best described as the combination of complete physical and mental health or “freedom from… ailment” (Offer et al), also known as wellbeing. Wellbeing cannot be derived from the release of neurotransmitters alone, as it involves health in multiple areas of life rather than one aspect of physical health alone or a single moment of happiness.

Neurotic illnesses are mostly associated with experiences that are described as “normal”. By associating this type of illness with the word normal, what is meant is that neurotic disorders are that they are more common than that of which psychotic are. They can be any type of mental imbalance that causes grief or distress and to a certain extent; these disorders do not interfere in everyday life as psychotic disorders do. Common symptoms of this type of mental health problem can be depressive behaviour, anxiety or stress. Internally, within neurotic disorders there are higher and lower levels of severity in terms of the way people are affecting ranging from, for example, nausea at the lower levels to excessive vomiting at the higher levels as a result of anxiety or stress (Moore, 1978). World Health Organisation (1946) described mental health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctor's reassurance has no merit for the patient. A patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for less than six months, are classified as having a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondriac.

The article Born to Be Happy, Through a Twist of Human Hard Wire by Richard A Friedman addresses both psychiatric and scientific aspects of physiological disorders. The main concern of this article in tales what makes individuals happy or obtain happiness and also explaining how psychiatric illnesses alter their happiness. Friedman’s main disorder explained is a temperament disorder called hyperthymia a mental illness that is rare in America. Friedman’s definition of hyperthymia states, “Constant joyous temperament, energetic and productive and are often the envy of all who know them because they don’t have to work at it” (Friedman par 3). Prior to this definition Richard provides two of his