Historical Evolution of Political System in Indonesia

Transitioning the political institution usually starts from a position of high autonomy and high capacity, a system without any checks. A new government will out to be outlined. This will include the establishment of a constitution that outlines person freedoms. Judicial, executive and legislative systems need to be implemented. Governance around elections and parties must be established. The US based, Freedom House ranking ranks democracy based on different criteria, including electoral competition, freedom of speech/assembly, rule of law, levels of corruptions and protection of human rights. This

In addition, Carl Schmitt distinguish between democracy and parliamentary. And emphasize democracy and parliamentary can be the idea which involve the personality of who rule and who is ruled

I chose a parliamentary government because it allows for power to be less centralized and it allows there to be a broad power sharing executive. Within this parliamentary government, as far as choosing the mainly ceremonial president who occupies the position of head of state, this process will be through the election by parliament, to avoid potentially turning the parliamentary system into a semi presidential one. A semi- presidential government is to be avoided because it could easily lead to presidential elections which are majoritarian in nature. There will be a two-thirds majority required for amending the constitution. The lower house of the legislature will have approximately 140 representatives because that is the approximate cube root of the country’s population size, as suggested by Lijphart, with four year terms. There will be a constitutional provision to limit the number of referenda, in order to keep the majority from using them against the minorities. (Lijphart,

The main problems do seem to be on the surface but actually the problem that really big moral communities exist in Indonesia are so damaged. The humanitarian crisis that is very influential to the development of the Indonesia future now this fact impressed ruled out by the apparatus of Government. This would lead to its nation will be worse and is seen low by other Nations.

For the democracy, it has some definition, most of them are based on the tenet of people making decision on their own government. (Heywood, A. 2015) Freedom, equality and democracy are the people 's pursuit of common values. Most modern countries want to be the democracy countries. At the same time, the democracy was separated two aspects one of the direct democracy and in direct democracy it also called representative democracy. (Heywood, A. 2015) Recently the issue of whether or not the representative democracy represent the people also based on the rule of people has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. In terms of representative democracy, it has the advantages of in some countries that had huge population like China, however, things always have the other side, so the representative democracy also have the disadvantages in some aspects. Therefore, this article will focus on the representative democracy of the election, what the problem does it caused during the representative democracy or in some specific countries, does some countries have the same problem in representative democracy? Also what the advantages in terms of representative democracy?

Timor-Leste has seen a change, with a decline in political stability and a rise in the absence of terrorism. “Until early 2006, the appearance of relative stability in post-independence- was important, as East Timor started its life as an independent state” (Kingsbury & Leach , 2007, p. 2). In 2000 it was a period of relatively stable governing, however it takes a sharp turn with the 2007 Parliamentary and Presidential elections. These elections, combined with the 2006 riots leaves Timor-Leste with high violence and a very low level of stability from their government. During the aftermath of this violence and unrest the governance indicators fell from 59 per cent to 19 percent which was recorded one year after the elections (The World Bank Group, 2015). This is a large drop, especially for a country which is in its infancy of independence. In a country which has just been given its independence it is hard to bounce back from such instability and violence, this is due to the lack of experience which many older independent nations would have the experience to control the situation. Due to their political system if one member on the voting ballot does not get 50 per cent plus one vote, they will go to a second vote with the two highest candidates. After this election campaign for presidency in April and subsequently, May there was the Parliamentary election in June. The Parliamentary election resulted in a split house with political parties having to align with each other in

Keeping in mind that the disadvantages of a presidential government are consequently the advantages of a parliamentary government I will discuss the most prominent advantages of parliamentarism. The first advantage I will be discussing is the lack of an executive-legislative deadlock. The second is a parliamentary flexibly advantage. Furthermore I will be discussing the convenience of passing legislation. I will be using the works of Lijphart and Young to illustrate my point.

Second, the electing or appointing of the Prime Minister is merit based, which was voted by the parliament because of his/her experience, unlike in presidential the ‘winnability’ of the candidate may like be because of popularity. The Parliamentary System will help prevent the election of the Head of the Government on the basis of his/her wealth, popularity, such as being a celebrity, as the country had experienced with former-President Joseph Estrada. The leader will be voted by the parliament due to his/her experience and competence under a parliamentary system.

In parliamentary form of government, the head of the state and the head of the government are

With the presidency established, a major discussion developed within the Constitutional Commission over the powers of the institution. There were two basic alternatives—a strong presidency with a subordinate parliament, or parliamentary supremacy with a nominal presidency. Advocates of the latter model were concerned about the centralization of power in the hands of one person. They argued that a parliamentary model with elections based on proportional representation would facilitate the development of political parties and allow the representation of various views in contrast to the “winner-takes-all” logic of the strong presidency. They referred back to the parliamentary tradition embodied in the short-lived Armenian Republic from 1918 to

Indonesia is currently a democratic country with three tiers of government: central government; provincial government; and local government. At the lower level, there are 34 provinces and 508 (as of 2014) local governments. There are two types of local government across Indonesia: 1) Kabupaten (district), and 2) Kota (city). In the past (before Reformasi), provincial and local governments were simply an extension of the central government at the regional and local level. Government policies and programs were determined by central government. As the result, the Gubernur (Head of Province) and the Bupati/Walikota (Head of Kabupaten/Kota), directly appointed by the president, were

Following independence, Sukarno took over Indonesia in 1957 and implemented a closed economic policy that rejected foreign capital and focused on creating a greater role for government nationalism (Dieleman, 2006). Although Sukarno’s policies attempted to favor indigenous businessmen with his Benteng program, Sudono and Indonesia’s Chinese minority economically

Singapore employs a unique multi-party parliamentary system (Wikipedia). The President is the head of state while the Prime Minister is the head of government. Presidential and parliamentary elections follow the First Past The Post (FPTP) system. While it is the simplest form of plurality system, given Singapore’s growing multi-ethnic population and rising number of opposition parties, this system may not be as effective as before.

Menurut konteks penerapan di Indonesia, demokrasi merupakan perwujudan dari aspirasi rakyat, kemudian diolah oleh suatu badan pemerintahan yang terdiri dari wakil rakyat terpilih melalui pemilihan umum, agar tercipta kemakmuran dan ketentraman dari rakyat itu sendiri. Dengan kata lain, demokrasi membolehkan seseorang untuk berpendapat, membentuk partai politik, kebebasan pers, juga kebebasan untuk membentuk organisasi dan berkumpul [Powell, 2003].

The election was the process of electing a leader to govern the country and this system are implemented in most of the democratic country. The election processes are important in order to get the leader that can run the country in harmony and peace. According to Lim Hong Hai (N/A), the electoral system is important because it applies an essential and liberated effect on electoral outcomes, and hence on the balance of benefit among contestants in the fight for representation and power in the political system. In Malaysia, the electoral processes are done after 5 years. This election process began after Malaysia got its independence as a condition from the colonial master. Malaysia is the example one of the Muslim country that has held periodic national and state level of the election since its independence (Syed Aribi Idid, 2008). Besides that, there a many levels of the election like the parliamentary elections, elections at the state level, by-elections, and elections for the senate and election of the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong. However, the most popular election event is the by-election and there are six steps in the by-election process which are consist of the issuance of the writ, nomination, election campaign, polling, counting votes, and lastly announcement of the election results.