History And Function Of Foreign Affairs

Negotiation is a fundamental form of dispute resolution involving two or more parties (Michelle, M.2003). Negotiations can also take place in order to avoid any future disputes. It can be either an interpersonal or inter-group process. Negotiations can occur at international or corporate level and also at a personal level. Negotiations often involve give and take acknowledging that there is interdependence between the disputants to some extent to achieve the goal. This means that negotiations only arise when the goals cannot be achieved independently (Lewicki and Saunders et al., 1997). Interdependence means the both parties can influence the outcome for the other party and vice versa. The negotiations can be win-lose or win-win in nature.

Each of them may adopt behavior that ranges from the very passive,through facilitative to the highly active.The form and character mediation in a particular international conflict are determined by the context of both the international system and the conflict itself,the issues,the parties involved,and the identity of the mediator.The important of this reciprocal influence can hardly be overemphasized (Berovitch , ,p.133)

In chapter two Stephen McGlinchey explains what is diplomacy and how it helps countries. He defines diplomacy as “the process between actors” which means representatives from each country get together to achieve a common goal in a peaceful way. The authors also explained foreign policy which is when two states come together to see how they can achieve a common goal. This is where diplomacy lets the two countries meet and reach agreements in a peaceful manner. The author goes on to talk about how diplomacy has worked in the past such as with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Diplomacy can help states in various ways such as negotiation, preventing wars, and establishing a relationship with another state. One modern day example is the United States

Since the beginning of International Relations and foreign policy, especially in the United States, environmental issues have not been its top priority. this problem has gained much momentum sense the environmental movements of the sixties and the passing of landmark pieces of policy. From domestic policy decisions of the Clean Air and Water Acts to the international ban on CFC’s, environmental policy has showed a degree of promise and precedence. Many critics of past and current mitigation efforts have pointed out that our current efforts are much too slow and International Protocols and not lived up to their projections. In order for climate policy to be successful it must appertain to three distinct criteria; It must be adopted broadly, have the ability to stay in place indefinitely, and it needs to have incentives to reduce emissions that make it beneficial for firms and the public sector to invest (McKibbin 2006, 9). According to some it will be motivation, not feasibility as to the deciding factor of whether or not we are successful in mitigating and adapting to climate change (Jamieson 2013, 466).

Negotiation is a fundamental process used in resolving conflicts, making business deals, and in managing working relationships with others. Negotiations occur for two reasons: (1) to resolve a problem or dispute between parties, or (2) to create something new that neither party could do on its own.

The United States has always had an erratic view towards foreign policy. At its conception, it leaned isolationist for about a century leading up to the First World War before opening up to the global stage. In the interwar period, the United States retreated somewhat back into isolation but continued to support Europe and Latin America. After World War 2, America was left to assume the role as the global hegemonic power, both willingly and unwillingly. Unique circumstances such as the destruction of most developed economies allowed the United States to exploit the situation to create a world order with several differences from that of its predecessor, Great Britain. This new world order allowed the U.S. to focus on two specific thoughts on their foreign policy, Wilsonianism and Jeffersonianism, as it saw fit.

The foreign policy of the United States of America is the process in which it cooperates with foreign nations and sets guidelines of communication for the rest of the world. The foreign policy of the United States is the strategy by which the United States communicates with foreign countries. The U.S. has a powerful influence in this world. The global reach of the United States is backed by a $14.3 trillion dollar economy, roughly a quarter of worldwide GDP, and a protection spending plan of $711 billion, which represents around half of worldwide military spending. The U.S. Secretary of State is the foreign minister and is the authority accused of state-to-state strategy, despite the fact that the president has ultimate power over foreign

When asked today who controls the majority of the foreign policy of the United States, an American would probably answer, “The Executive Branch.” However, the legislative branch plays a role in foreign affairs as well. When President Obama traveled to Cuba, twenty members of congress accompanied him. In fact there once was a time, a small window in post World War II America, where the executive branch would not dare to make a decision without consulting the Senate’s Committee on Foreign Relations. Instead, President Truman committed himself to working with members of his own party as well as Republicans to foster a bipartisan, decisive congress. World War II had created a perfect storm for bipartisanship to flourish: Europe was in tatters,

Formulation and implementation of foreign policy in the United States is a process enshrined in the constitution. The extent to which the executive or the legislative arms of the government can control, direct and influence the foreign policy while purporting to protect the American people interests is spelt out in the united states constitution. However, overtime, the provisions of the law has been a source of conflict on the application of these powers.

diplomats and other government officials, whether they work at home or abroad, are the people that make diplomacy work. A basic foreign policy goal is to see that the people who work to benefit the United States are given the continued support and protection they need. Diplomats stationed in places where there are conflicts, such as the Middle East, Africa and South America depend on foreign policy to help them do their job and improve relations and terms with the countries in which they are stationed.

In his 1992 book Writing Security, David Campbell writes that foreign policy is subjective and includes a description of dangers posed by others. Those that create foreign policy choose aspects of reality and describe them as threats to the state and society. He says that the purpose of national security strategy is primarily to define and support the state and national identity, which is created by marking borders between “us” and “the other”. Interpreting specific factors and groups in terms of threat reinforces citizens’ feelings of identity, belonging, and solidarity.

Every negotiation starts with a process followed by a strategy because without either, then it would be just a disagreement with any kind of resolution to the issue. Making sure that you get what you set out for is important but does not necessarily mean that the other person has to lose in the negotiation so making sure to go through the process and then coming up with a strategy ensures that all parties come out with a win-win rather than a win-lose negotiation.

The ability to practice diplomacy is one of the defining elements of a state. Diplomacy has been practiced since the inception of civilization. In Europe, diplomacy begins with the first city-states formed in ancient Greece. Diplomats were sent only for specific negotiations, and would return immediately after their mission concluded. Diplomats were usually relatives of the ruling family or of very high rank in order to give them legitimacy when they sought to negotiate with the other

The commencing of negotiation can help building rapport that is pivotal for a negotiator to gain more information from their counterpart. Combined

Negotiation is the process of two individuals or groups reaching joint agreement about differing needs or ideas. Oliver (1996) described negotiation as "negotiators jointly searching a multidimensional space and then agreeing to a single point in the space." Negotiation is a form of conflict resolution. When we negotiate, the first thing that needs to be established is whether we have two or more parties that have a common objective, but also differ in ideas when it comes to how they achieve the objective. The principle behind negotiating is to finding the middle ground that is suitable for both parties involved. Not all negotiation ends in satisfactory compromise, sometimes negotiations can take a long time to conclude