History Of Civil Engineering And Development Of Sanitary Engineering

When work began to improve the Chesapeake Bay they needed to find the culprits of the bad water quality then get rid of them.

One of the innovations was the construction of skyscrapers. Before steel was used, a skyscraper was only considered four to five stories tall and was made out of stone. Very little light was able to get into the building because the structure would become unsafe if too many windows were put in. This made the building very dark, cold and damp. In 1885, with the innovation of steel, the first skyscraper, The Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois. This building paved the way for architects around the country to build taller and stronger skyscrapers into today’s times.

Jamestown was made near a river so they could get water from it. But eventually the people of Jamestown began dumping their human waste into the river hoping it would wash out into the ocean (Background Essay Document B). However, the ocean’s tides rose and washed the waste back into the river causing the water to get even more dirty. They built wells in order to get fresh water from the ground but it was helpless to droughts and salt water intruding the wells. Because the water was so dirty they got sick from the water and eventually died.

Since the population of Los Angeles was increasing, the city needed more water. The city population was over the city’s water supply capacity that if it was kept going, the city would start depopulated. William Mulholland was the one who solved this problem and became a hero of the city. He just did not start being a hero. He moved from Britain to California, and entered the water business after 1877. Throughout his career as a hydraulic engineer, he voiced the belief that L.A. faced a perpetual water shortage, so he was asked for more efficient sources of water (Nicolaides 238). Basically to maintain his power and to solve the city’s problem, he decided to bring Owen’s river water through water pipes. Since the water would come from a different

The Water Tower was first constructed in 1876 and designed by architect William W. Boyington with the purpose of being a water pumping system for the then small town. This water system pumped water from Lake Michigan’s intake bins into the tower where it was cleaned, however this process was stopped right before the turn of the century due to pollution of the water. The water tower is made out of large limestone bricks, which made it the last surviving building during the Great Chicago Fire. The water tower is significant because it shows the strength Chicago has as a unite, under great stress.

McCullough once again reiterates the responsibility of man prior to the 1889 disaster with the example of Daniel J. Morrell’s concerns in 1880. He sent John Fulton on behalf of the Cambria Iron Works to inspect the dam, where two major structural problems were found: there was no discharge pipe to reduce water in the dam, and, the previous repair left a leak that cut into the dam. This initial warning and advice was rejected, even after their offer to pay for repairs. McCullough then points out that there were in fact four other crucial problems that needed to be repaired that had not been noticed by Fulton. The height of the dam had been lowered, reducing the height between the crest and the spillway. A screen of iron rods were put across the spillway, which would decrease its capacity when clogged by debris. The dam sagged in the center so it was lower than at the ends when the center should have been highest and strongest. Lastly, the club brought the level of the lake nearly to the top so there was no reserve capacity for a severe storm. By indicating the many problems with the dam prior to the great flood of 1889 and the South Fork Club’s refusal to acknowledge the potential danger, McCullough is leaving little doubt to the reader of his

As people began to realize the damage done by the pollution of the environment nearly fifty years had passed. By this time the contaminated tailings and toxins released from the smelters and chemical treatment facilities had reached an outrageous numbers. With the help of the great flood of 1908 these pollutants covered the Silver Bow creek banks from Butte all the way to the Milltown Dam. In 1911 the Anaconda Company began extensive cleanup efforts by implementing the use of warm springs ponds as a water treatment facility (Citizens Technical Environmental Committee, 4). These ponds were developed initially with the thought that they would be able to catch polluted tailings before they were able to reach the Clark Fork River. There was an estimated 2,400 acres of warm springs ponds built between the years of 1911 and 1959 (Citizens Technical Environmental Committee, 4). The settling ponds were created to hold the mining wastes, acting as a dam so that the metals did not end up in the Clark Fork River. The tailings are then covered over with lime to prevent them from leeching back into the environment. This series of warm springs ponds provides treatment to the water in such a way that the environment can cleanse the water of pollutants on its own instead. This treatment method is accomplished with the water being further cleansed as it is transferred from pond to pond. The

In 1973, the Sears Tower, now know as the Willis Tower was completed. At the time it was the tallest building in the United States.

The aim of this essay is to understand the conditions of the Nineteenth century and why it was described as the sanitary era.

years and started distributing water from the Flint River, until a new system could be created,

The term skyscraper here should be taken lightly. Needless to say, a 23 story multi-use building doesn’t exactly inspire the grandeur of the Manhattan skyline. As it is with every major project in a city, this one was met with harsh criticism regarding where the money was to come from and what this glass edifice towering over the surrounding brick shopfronts would do to the still-developing downtown fabric. However, once the building is completed it’s anticipated that the residents of Fargo will see that building bigger will not only bring bigger business but notoriety and growth as well.

Not only does it provide a source of water to 600,000 people, it has acted as a means of travel, hydropower and a source of food (Merrimack River Watershed Council, 2014). It goes without saying that alongside the cultural developments that have grown with the Merrimack River, there have also been many environmental issues as a result of misuse and poor city planning. While some of these problems have improved greatly since the 1900s, there are still improvements that need to be made. One of the most prominent issues that currently affect the quality of the Merrimack River is sewage waste. Although the Clean Water Act of 1972 has set standards in place for sewage disposal, progress has not been immediate. For example, Manchester, New Hampshire, one of the many cities that reside along the Merrimack River, did not stop dumping raw sewage into the river until 1992 (U.S. Department of the Interior,

Throughout early American history, the exploitation of minorities and resources has been a leading theme. The leading cause for this exploitation was the lens that the American Dream placed upon society. This lens was the idea that if something was positively affecting the economy, the exploitation of minorities and resources was overlooked. The American Dream caused this because the expectation of America’s success was so high that people took drastic measures to succeed disregarding the exploitation of resources and minorities. Overall, the effect that the American Dream had on minorities and resources in early American history was predominantly negative.

In August 1917 the United States War Department issued a General Order, which allowed the forming of the 20th Engineer Regiment. General Order

Some of the important clients that participated in the Preparation and construction of the “Freedom Tower” include multiple Engineering firms, architects, construction mangers, and numerous Cad Technicians for modeling. All major clients are portrayed in Figure 2- Table of Major Clients.