History Of Desegregation: The Lemon Grove Incident

There were many forms of discrimination in America. Discrimination was everywhere in the 20th century, and the population most affected by this were African Americans. Two of the most critical injustices committed in America during the 20th century were the development of the Jim Crow laws and school segregation. However, these injustices have been rectified as a result of the Civil Rights Movement and the decision of the supreme court of Brown v. Board of Education which brought important changes to African Americans.

For this oral history paper, Judy Barnhill was interviewed to convey her experiences during her childhood and adolescent years relating to African American history. She was born in 1945, and she is a white American woman. This paper will be discussing the time periods of Jim Crow segregation, the Civil Rights Movement and desegregation. Jim Crow segregation began during the late 1800’s and continued on until about the 1960’s. It was a time of racial tension and inequality. Many southern states of the time would enforce local laws of segregation on African Americans, which would separate them from the whites in public places such as schools, restaurants, trains, bathrooms, etc. The facilities set up for African Americans were always

the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any

In a progressive society like the United States, looking to the past is common, to learn from our mistakes but some undeniable issues of the past repeat and are omitted from our society because of their unpleasant nature, a great example of this is the Jim-Crow Era. In this paper, I will be discussing the main events of the Jim-Crow era, its initiation, the new style of slavery in the south, and the way it re-shaped the lives of African Americans all across the country, its re-enforcement in the beginning of the twentieth century, its major supporters, like the Ku Klux Klan. Confederate state leaders, and its major oppositions like the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, and the idea of the United States setting a global example of

Now that we know a little bit more information about the trial, lets learn why all the Mexican American parents got together in order for their kids to get the same education as all the other Caucasian kids in the neighborhood. It all started in the late 1920s-1930s. As the Mexican and Mexican American population started to increase in California, more white Americans started getting scared; this led to segregation in schools. Not only were schools getting segregated but housing was also being segregated as well (Maria Blanco, The Lasting Impact of Mendez v. Westminster in the Struggle for Desegregation, pg.

One of the important landmark educational court cases, is the 1974 ruling of Lau v. Nichols. As more immigrants establish homes in the United States, they face many difficulties adapting to everyday life having English as their second language or having no knowledge of the English language at all. During 1971, San Francisco schools were integrated and created more diverse and bilingual groups of students which exemplified this issue within the school system (Developing ELL Programs). Though previous actions had been made to accommodate students with lack of English proficiency, there were still a large number of students that did not receive any help.

Phil Robertson the patriarch of Duck Dynasty has little to no knowledge about the events that happen in the Jim Crow era. To see how wrong he is lets take a look at the Jim Crow era. First Jim Crow was the name of the racial class method which operated mainly, but not purely in the south, between eighteen seventy-seven and the nineteen sixty. Jim Crow was more than a series of severe anti black laws. It was a way of life to african americans. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti-black racism. Many Christian ministers and theologians taught that caucasian were the Chosen people, african americans were cursed to be servants, and God

Mendez vs. Westminster. About 80 years ago, one of the first court-ordered desegregations in California. This case was not your normal black vs white segregation that you hear about all of the time. This court case was about white's vs Mexican Americans. This began in 1931 when a court ordered a school district to stop segregating whites and Mexicans. In 1946, during the Mendez case, the federal court reached the same result. Because this was the first federal court case to desegregate whites and Mexicans, it is an important case to look at. Gonzalo Mendez was only seven years old when he became a defendant in this case. When the Mendez family moved to California their aunt took the kids and their cousins to enroll in school. When they got

The failure of the school’s principal to call a board meeting to hear student’s list of concerns, was the result of the walkout of students at Edcouch-Elsa School. Furthermore, some concerns were drawn up by students in regards to the policy and conditions in the school. The Mexican-American students threw the doors open of classrooms and left the school to protest their anger. All of this was due to the increased school policy segregation of race. Examples of this, the High school classes were organized according to race and students were not

The story of school desegregation in the United States started with a civil action lawsuit raised in the first district court of Kanas on June 10, 1951. Mr. Oliver Brown brought his complaint to the Board of Education of Topeka. The complaint was simple, “[the] plaintiffs were being deprived of the equal protection

Segregation, an word that has haunted countless AfricanAmericans for years upon years. Segregation is the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart. It has cut AfricanAmericans short from many opportunities, leaving us dumb founded.

Almost no event had such a singularly negative effect on the American Civil Rights movement as the Wilmington Race Riots of 1898, a white-supremacist coup d'état that occurred here in North Carolina shortly after the end of Reconstruction. On November 10, 1898, racial tension that had been clouding in the South ever since the end of the Civil War and the election of Republicans during Reconstruction broke in a destructive thunderclap of mob violence. The Wilmington race riots set back civil rights progress not only in Wilmington, but all across the nation. Only as recently as 2006 has the state legislature formally apologized for the event, which was responsible for turning Wilmington into a white-majority city and marking the end of several decades of progress in the state.

Upon being elected president in 1860, Abraham Lincoln sought the abolition of slavery. The Confederate states were against this, so they started a Civil War between them and the Union states. The Union states won, but the Confederate states did not take it lightly. The white people discriminated and segregated black people. The black people had separate schools, drinking fountains, and eating establishments. The Jim Crow Laws promoted segregation and violence and as time went on the Civil Rights Movement came about.

It all started when a Mexican mother decided that she wanted her children and her brother's children to have a better education than she was ever given. In the fall of 1944, Soledad Vidaurri decided to take her children and her nephews to enroll in the Seventeenth Street School in Westminster, California. Although they were cousins and had the same Mexican heritage, the Méndez children and the Vidaurri children looked very different: Sylvia, Gonzalo Jr., and Geronimo Méndez had dark skin, hair, and eyes, while Alice and Virginia Vidaurri had fair complexions and features. An administrator took one look over those five children and decided that Alice and Virginia could stay but their dark-skinned cousins could not and would have to register at Hoover School, the town's Mexican school. Outraged and in complete disbelief of what just happened, Vidaurri took all the kids home and decided not to register any of them. (A Tale of Two Schools)

In 1945, a California LULAC Council victoriously sued to merge the Orange County School System, which had been isolated in light of the fact that Mexican youngsters were inadequately dressed and mentally sub-par compared to white kids (Takaki, 378). In 1954, LULAC brought another historical case, Hernandez versus the State of Texas, to challenge the fact that a Mexican American had never been called to jury duty in Texas (Class Lecture, 11/30). The Supreme Court administered this as illegal. In the twentieth century, starting with the 1952 Hernandez v. Texas suit, the case started to turn gradually and unyieldingly (“A Class Apart”). That case prompted the first case contended in the United States Supreme Court by Mexican American lawyers.