History Of Opitz Syndrome : A Disease Characterized By A Defect Along The Ventral Midline Of The Human Body

The concept of identity is usually described as self-image the person we thing we are and self-esteem or self worth, which is concerned with the worth we attach to that

On a molecular level protein structures and gene sequences is used to determine the evolutionary relationship with the random mutations in our genes. Our genes contain instruction to create protein which

Homologous means “having the same relation, relative position, or structure, in particular.”, analogous means, “comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared.”, and vestigial means, “forming a very small remnant of something that was once much larger or more noticeable.”

Did cytochrome c or any other protein bind to the anion exchange column? (Explain the reasoning behind your answer).

Some are known and some are not, the known ones that cause defective versions of the enzyme cause early death

Biologist call them cryptic species. Animals can look the same but be completely different on the inside. Example is An orangutan , and a monkey, they look the same and are similar but two different animals.The exact definition for a “cryptic species” states that it is an individual that is morphologically identical to each other but belong to a different species. Another way the different species are determined are through bone structure. Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms. Anatomists look at how an animal's bones,muscles, and organs are shaped and fit together. Biologist compare anatomies of different species to figure out how closely related they are. The more similar a pair of organisms are, the more likely it is that they shared a recent common ancestor from which since they were alive, they have both evolved. This is how the first theory of evolution came about because animals looked to be the same but had different bone structure. Animals change and adapt to their surroundings therefore that's why there are so many different

For this lab experiment, we used a cDNA library (complementary DNA library). A cDNA is the synthesis of a double-stranded DNA from a single- stranded-RNA template via reverse transcription (1). Therefore, a cDNA library represents all the cloned cDNA fragments. In this experiment, we needed to determine cDNA sequences in Drosophila melanogaster that were related to a homologous protein in human that caused the diseases. Carrying out this experiment lead us to four research questions: what drosophila protein is identified via the DNA sequence in the cDNA plasmid and what is the role of this protein in drosophila? What human proteins and/or protein domains show homology with cDNA sequences prepared from a Drosophila melanogaster cDNA library? What is the function of our proteins in humans? How might studying the function (or loss of function via mutations) of these proteins in Drosophila contribute to our understanding of mechanisms controlling human diseases involving this protein? (1) To do so, we used E. coli as a host to store plasmid DNA containing Drosophila cDNA. The cDNA was sequenced and

Evolution is the process by which animals adapt themselves to the internal and external change of their environment. Antibodies proteins from serum of different cow, sheep, goat, horse, and chicken were separate into fragments by gel electrophoresis to compare their similarity. Results show that the animals that share the most similarities banding pattern were the Goat and sheep, while the chicken, because it is a reptile, shows to be the most distant in the animals’ phylogeny.

Molecularly, the Dichaete gene codes for proper segmentation and development in flies by encoding SOX proteins. In an experiment by P.A and J.R Nambu, pair-rule and segment polarity genes were examined and results showed that the ftz gene expression was altered when the D gene was altered in a fly and led to stripes being fused together and other not be prominent. On a molecular level, D is vital in the expression of segmentation segment polarity genes like ftz, otherwise, if mutated, it leads to severe segmentation mutations (Nambu, 1996). When D was immunostained with mAb BP102, embryos showed central nervous system mutations resulting in deletion of ganglia, narrowing axons, and completely fused anterior and posterior axons. DNA analyses have concluded that the D gene encodes a protein gene that is made up of 382 amino acids. Transcription of D first starts in cycle 13 in embryos and then splits into two regions by the 14th cycle. In gastrulation, the transcription of D changes and the ectodermal stripes that are shown in embryos are then replaced with columns. As mentioned before, the Dichaete mutants exhibit segmentation defects in flies. Situ hybridization was used to attempt to identify genes in CNS development. One of the first was beta-galactosidase in various enhancer trap strains. The expression of beta-galactose became restricted to developing neuroectoderm, which explains that the D gene plays a role in segmentation and CNS development. (Aleksik,

The way that this process works is by using heat such as the technique ‘melting’ to separate the two strands of the double helix from the different species. These two strands shown from the two different species are then mixed and cooled down, however the single strands only take this part. As they are cooling down, the single strands re-bond at varying degrees in temperature. If there is a greater the number of bonds between the strands, its evident that there is a greater the degree of genetic similarity between the two species.

However manipulations like mutation, knockout and overexpression of genes either re-affirm their role or prove otherwise. I therefore recommend that such manipulations be utilized in future works to throw more light on the different outcomes that relate to those manipulations with regards to the OE progenitors

Just as members in the same family often resemble each other, similarly structured molecules are often grouped in the same category. There are several methods of comparing amino acid sequencing and determining how closely they are related. A simple example is the sequence-comparison method. Sequence databases are searched for a specific amino acid sequence of unknown characteristics. A set of molecules that are similar in structure can give insight into the properties of the unknown sequence of amino acids.

Proteins are arguably the most structurally and functionally complex structures known to man. Through evolution spanning billions of years, these macromolecules have been perfected to perform many functions necessary for life. Proteins contain four distinct levels of structure and are composed of simple organic compounds known as amino acids. (Alberts, Bruce et al 2000) Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds made during protein biosynthesis, and the linked amino acid chain is known as a polypeptide chain. DNA determines the amino acid sequence and the sequence is what determines the primary level of protein structure. This level of structure determines the protein’s shape, which affects the assembly and function of

1. Identity is people's concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how

Authentication is a process of one-to one comparison, rather than a mass searching process. Identification is a process of checking for a particular identity in the database available.