History

One Spanish official remarked that “the maxim of the conqueror must be to settle.” Explain what you think he meant by this statement. Illustrate the various ways conquerors settled the New World, commenting on what worked, what did not work, and the consequences of those methods

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and literary period of growth promoting a new African American cultural identity in the United States. The years of 1920 and 1990 and “were clear peak periods of African American cultural production.” During these years blacks were able to come together and form a united group that expressed a desire for enlightenment. “It is difficult not to recognize the signs that African Americans are in the midst of a cultural renaissance” (English 807). This renaissance allowed Blacks to have a uniform voice in a society based upon intellectual growth. The front-runners of this revival were extremely focused on cultural growth through means of intellect, literature, art and music. By using these means

In the 1920s the expanding culture of African Americans was wildly represented by the Harlem Renaissance. It happened after the Great Migration, when they started to develop new styles of literature, art, and music (doc. 6,7). The 1920s were called the “Jazz Age” because musicians recombined blues, European- based music, and ragtime. The Harlem Renaissance changed the way African Americans were looked at by other people in the U.S. and how they lived. It did this by giving them the chance to overcome the things they had gone through in the past. The Harlem Renaissance also allowed them to express how they feeled and show their talents.

When one thinks of Harlem, he or she typically associates the city with the Harlem Renaissance of the early 20th century, which celebrated the achievements of African American arts, and its correlation with the Great Migration of these individuals moving from the South to the North. According to sociologist Sharon Zukin in her article “Why Harlem Is Not a Ghetto,” “The first Harlem Renaissance was the period of extraordinary creativity in the 1920s and 1930s when African American and Caribbean writers, painters, and intellectuals joined with white literary critics to create a ‘capital of Black culture.’” (Zukin, 65). The city of Harlem highlights the strides African Americans have made, and today with the inclusion of chains such as Whole

The “Harlem Renaissance” which we also refer to as “The Jazz Age” and/or “New Negro Movement” was the time where underprivileged African Americans migrated to the north mostly to Chicago and New York in search for a better life. This was a time of a cultural, social, and creative movement that enhanced the African American Community mostly in New York and Chicago between the years of 1917 and 1935. The Harlem Renaissance was the defining moment when African American photographers, writers, musicians, poets, artists, actors, scholars, dancers, composers and etc. migrated from the south to escape the oppression of Caucasian supremacy and poor conditions. They traveled in order to be able to express their talents freely. The movement allowed oppressed African Americans to express their creativity, skills, intelligence and determination. The Harlem Renaissance is the movement that contributed a fundamental part of the culture we know today. During this time African Americans started to embrace things of their culture such as music, theatre, and art.

According to Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, The development of the Harlem Renaissance was a result of two factors: First of all, the immigration that started during the war which gave African Americans the motivation to become more confident of who they are, and more responsible for their race and rights. “ They became defiant, bitter, and impatient.” They would not take silence and inequality as an answer. They expressed themselves through the Harlem Renaissance. The second reason is “the riots that followed World War I”. African Americans fighted

“Mention of the Harlem Renaissance conjures up images of glitzy nightclubs, glamorous figures, great literary achievements, and the birth of new trends in painting and sculpture, as well as a growing intellectual movement.” It was the becoming of and the publicization of black culture that was born during times of enslavement. The Renaissance was the first opportunity that African Americans felt they had had to exhibit their culture and uniquely-black talents without fear of repercussion or prejudice; due to the sense of heritage identity granted to the African Americans by their collective Harlem settlement, it no longer mattered what racist whites thought of

During the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a “Great Migration” of African Americans from the southern part of our country to the northern areas. The journey North was made in order to escape racial inequalities and injustices as well as to find employment. There was a sudden population boom to an area of New York City known as Harlem. “The Harlem Renaissance was a result of the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that occurred just after World War I to the middle of the 1930s” (Harlem Renaissance). The amazing writers, musicians, and artists which emerged during this “renaissance” had a profound effect on the way society viewed racism and racial discriminations and also paved the way for the Civil Rights Movement years

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement, in the early 1920’s, that involved vibrancies of new life, ideas, and perceptions. The large migration of African Americans northward, after World War I, allowed people of color the opportunity to collaborate in the New York City neighborhood, known as Harlem. This renaissance allowed the city to thrive on a refined understanding and appreciation of the arts. Many individuals were involved in this movement including doctors, students, shopkeepers, and painters who were apart of forming and molding the vibrant and inspirational gem (Holt Elements of Literature – Fifth Course 734). In addition, artists, performers, musicians, and writers gathered together in Harlem to start the beginning of one of the most influential time periods in African American history. However, many factors contributed to the huge impacts of this renaissance, including the effects of the Great Migration, why Harlem was the location for this movement, and the achievements of specific individuals during this time period, such as Augusta Savage.

Even as the poverty was great and wide in Harlem it had no halt for the Harlem Renaissance or also known as, the “Jazz Age”(www.longwhart.org). The Harlem Renaissance was first known as, “The New Negro Movement” , even as this intellectual and also artistic movement, it is not widely credited, or rather more recognized in the United States. It was precedent that it started in the early 1920’s and later came to a halt in the 1930’s. The Harlem Renaissance all began by a series of literary argumentations among the lower Manhattan, located in Greenwich and upper Manhattan, Harlem(“The 1920’s” (95)). The assimilation of the vigorous artistic and intellectualistic forthcomings brought from this era had brung forward a considerable impingement on modern day African American cultural arts during this

I have learned that the Harlem Renaissance was a period of sudden expansion within the African American community during the 1920’s and 30’s. It expanded in literature, visual art, and music, and finally gave African Americans a voice in America. Their opinions were suddenly being realized by whites indirectly through the art they created. They also contributed much to the culture we observe today. Swing, one of the most popular forms of jazz, was made famous by artists such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, and vocalists like Ma Rainey, the “Mother of Jazz”. Visual art depicted images of African American lifestyle and their ambitions, often such as an image of a Negro in bondage, hoping to be released. Literature was the most direct

From the 1920’s to the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the “New Negro Movement”. With this movement, African Americans sought out to challenge the “Negro” stereotype that they had received from others while developing innovation and great cultural activity. The Harlem Renaissance became an artistic explosion in the creative arts. Thus, many African Americans turned to writing, art, music, and theatrics to express their selves.

Hughes story, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain”, veers away from the conventions of Du Bois’s essay as rather than focusing on the value of black art as a key in social movements, it involves black artists who would rather neglect their blackness and rather took on the culture of whites. The speaker claims he enjoys being white more than being an African American, and Hughes describes this as “the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America-this urge within the race towards whiteness…”. Much like Du Bois, Hughes writes about the “beauty” of Negro art, and aims to uplift the appeal of negro language and culture as he examines African American artists who stayed true to their roots and culture whose works are amongst those that are still heavily praised even decades later.

A GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS LITERARY DEVICES Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds used especially in poetry to emphasize and link words as well as to create pleasing, musical sounds. Example—the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew. Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art to enrich the reading experience by adding meaning. Characterization: Techniques a writer uses to create and develop a character by what: • he/she does or says, • other characters say about him/her, or how they react to him/her • the author reveals directly or through a narrator.

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of FOUR questions based on the prescribed content framework as contained in the guideline document: QUESTION 1: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR IN FORMING THE WORLD AS IT WAS IN THE 1960s? • USSR/USA – Creating spheres of interest: Focus on Cuba QUESTION 2: HOW WAS UHURU REALISED IN AFRICA IN THE 1960s AND 1970s? • Case Study: Tanzania QUESTION 3: WHAT FORMS OF CIVIL SOCIETY PROTEST EMERGED FROM THE 1960s UP TO 1990? • Focus