History of Phonetic Development

In the field of Modern Languages and Linguistics, words are of great importance. A language’s phonology (study of how sounds are organized and used), morphology (study of the form and structure of words), syntax (study of the rules that govern sentence structure), semantics (study of meaning of words, sentences, and expressions), pragmatics (study of aspects of meaning and language use and context), and phonetics (study of human speech sounds) all play an important part in everyday life. These have a major impact in understanding the intent of what is spoken or heard. Due to the importance of communication, literary elements such as metaphors (which are defined as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase

Summary of Interpretation: Given the information provided in Interpretation A, the clinician diagnosed Kara-Lynn with a severe phonological disorder. This diagnosis was made based on evidence provided by testing results, clinician observations, and speech analyses. Kara-Lynn demonstrated phoneme collapses into /d/ in place of stops (/p/, /t/, /k/, /g/), fricatives (/s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/), and some consonant clusters (/tr/, /gr/) across all word positions. For example, Kara-Lynn produced /diə/ for “seal,” /dædɚ/ for “treasure,” and /dədudɚ/ for “computer.” Kara-Lynn also presented with active phonological processes of final consonant deletion (/fɪ/ for “fish”), cluster reduction (/tul/ for “school”), vocalization (/ɛləkə/ for “helicopter”), and deaffrication (/ʃi/ for “cheese”). She also presented with inconsistent patterns of initial-consonant deletion (/ɑʊps/ for “house”, /ɪʒ/ for “bridge”). In most instances, Kara-Lynn presented with both final consonant deletion and another phonological process, which markedly impacted her speech intelligibility, as when she produced /lɑʊ/ for “clown,” demonstrating both final consonant deletion and cluster reduction. She also expressed a high percentage of CV (27%) and CVC (29%) syllable and word shapes, with little other variation. Analysis of Kara-Lynn’s speech sample revealed similar errors exhibited during formal assessment, including phoneme collapse into /d/, high occurrences of initial and final consonant deletion and cluster

phonology - rules relating to the sounds of words and their constituent vowels and consonants.

c. Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single‐syllable words.(1.RF.2.c)

For example, Whan and When look similar except for the short vowel /a/ and /e/. The months April and March are spelled the same as modern spellings, so the reader may infer the sounds are the same. Therefore, the modern short vowel rule applies to Middle English as well. Droghte and drought are spelled similarly except for the vowels. The Etymology Dictionary defines droghte as dryness. So droghte and drought are synonyms. (Harper). Perced is also easy for the modern reader to decode. It is spelled nearly the same as pierce except the vowel /i/ is excluded from the Middle English spelling. However, there are passages that aren’t as easily understood.

There are many components to building a student’s reading skill set. One skill that is introduced in preschool and developed through the primary grades is phonemic awareness. The term phonemic awareness is defined as the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes – individual sounds. The child becomes aware of how sounds are connected to words prior to reading. This awareness creates the understanding of how phonemes explains how the smallest part of sound creates a difference in sound to the meaning of a word. Therefore, the ability to dismantle words, and reassemble them, and then to alter the word into something different explains the concept behind phonemic awareness. It is the primary foundation in which other reading skill sets are according based.

I will determine whether [æ] and [eʌ] appear to be allophonic or contrastive by examining those target sounds in “Dataset B” and “Dataset A”. Both sounds are present in the datasets but they are never seen together in the same word. The environments of the sounds are determined in (i) and organized by sound to see if there are any patterns that arise.

b) with forms and the structure of words (morphology) and with their customary arrangement in phrases and sentences (syntax )

I created word work cards that will help my book buddies decode words with vowel digraphs. I have created blue bordered cards with beginning consonants, green bordered cards with vowel digraphs, and orange bordered cards with ending consonants. Before working with these cards, I will show my book buddies a poster I created that will help them understand that in many cases, when two vowels are together, the first vowel is the sound that is heard. After reviewing the poster, I will begin using the word work cards. When using these cards, my book buddies will each have a card with the vowel diagraphs oa, ai, and ea. I will ask my book buddies to say the sound of the digraphs and then choose a blue bordered card to place on the left side of the card that contains the vowel digraph. I will have my book buddies sound out the letter or consonant cluster on the beginning sound card and then the card containing the vowel digraph. They will then select a card that can complete that word by choosing an orange bordered card that will complete the word,

Ehri’s Phases of Word Reading and Spelling Development has four different phases that are used to describe the progressive stages of a reader. The first phase is the Pre-alphabetic phase, in this phase there is no letter to sound consciousness only visual features of a word which the students use as a reminder of how to read the words. Phase two is the Partial Alphabetic. When readers are in this phase they use some of the letters in the word (mainly the first and the last letters) to attempt to pronounce the word. Phase three is the Full Alphabetic Phase. In this phase the readers are now able to use and understand the alphabetic connections in words. The readers are now able to map graphemes to phonemes of words that have been read to them

It is important to bear in mind that the phonological component or awareness is fundamental for the development of verbal, semantic and, above all, reader-writer language. When the sound of the letter is not recognized, it can not learn to read or write correctly. Therefore, it is necessary to do a training in phonological awareness

The first, A list of 10 monosyllabic words which are phonologically similar but not semantically related (A list) was adapted from (LS) “white, height, night, light tight, write, might, quiet, bite, fight” (p 30). The second list comprised of 10 words which are semantically related (B list), similar in length, word class and frequency with the phonologically related words, dear, sugar, savory, sweet, tasty, flavor, honey, dessert, candy, treat . The level of frequency of the words were determined with the use of corpus (COCA and BNC). There are slight variations in the level of frequency of the B list words. Nevertheless, The lists were presented orally and

1- Naom Chomsky is a linguist who teaches M A T. 2- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds . 3- All spooking languages choose sound produced by the upper respiratory systems. 4- In one dialect the English Cat the noun and Cat the verb are pronounced the same . 5- Some people think phonetics is very interesting . 6- Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams are

For this assessment I have been required to compare English with another language. I have decided to choose Mandarin as my language of choice. A major elements of languages will be compared in this essay. That being phonology. Phonology is defined as being “the study of the way speech sounds form patterns”.(Victoria Fromkin 2009). As (Hammond 1999) describes, every spoken language has a unique system whereby sounds are organised. This unique pattern of pattern can be termed phonology and varies widely in geographical and social differences.

Every language constitutes its own sound system, and this sound system is a very important aspect when learning or studying a language. Along with this sound system are the prosodic features of a language. This study is about the phonological system and the prosodic features of