Hiv-1 In Inhibitors Research Paper

When the HIV virus was identified in the 1980’s, many companies began to search for an antiviral drug but Burroughs Wellcome led the research effort. There were three drugs being tested by other companies as well including, AZT by Burroughs Wellcome, DDI by Bristol Myers and DDC by Hoffman-LaRoche. These drugs inhibit reproduction of HIV and slow the damage it causes.

It is almost 6 p.m. and it is time for Sean Tin, 26, to take his daily dose of Truvada, the anti-HIV pill that his primary doctor prescribed him approximately four months ago. At first, he was a bit skeptical because he has always been against taking medicines in general; however, after doing his own research and finding out that, if taken as prescribed, Truvada could protect him anywhere from 92 to 99 percent from contracting HIV, he accepted and started the treatment.

From study of United Nations, there were 40 million people in the world living with infection of HIV. Sadly, seventy percent, or 28 million of them lived in sub–Saharan Africa; there are countries in that area have forty percent of population infected and living their life with despair. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) could destroy the immune system that our bodies use to fight off diseases in 10 years; breaking down of the immune system means that we are unable to fight the infections and causes death. In early 1990’s, GSK (GlaxoSmithKline), BMS (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and some other companies developed a series of medicine which could attack HIV in patient’s body; and later in 1996, Dr. David Ho discovered that by taking a combination of

An impermeable, escape-proof HIV inhibitor is yet to be discovered, more so engineered; however many scientists continue to expand the possibilities of HIV inhibition through renowned cutting edge research. Retroviral pathogenesis of HIV has been targeted at multiple stages of viral entry, replication, and release, with the most promising points of drug target being the initial interaction between the CD4 T-cell and the envelope mediated fusion of the HIV virion with the CD4+ Helper T-cell. Currently, HIV entry (fusion) inhibitors range from small lectins found in algae, to antibody based peptides, to elemental nanoparticles, and each targets a specific step, or multiple sequential steps, in the HIV entry process. Currently,

“Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth processor during breastfeeding.” There is no cure for HIV or AIDS but over time different types of medications have been developed that slows down the advancement of the disease. AIDS is a lethal disease that is caused by HIV. HIV destroys the immune system and causes the body to not be able to fight off any diseases.

HIV-1 integrase is one of the key enzymes required for the successful replication of HIV-1 and is often a common therapeutic target to help treat HIV-1 infections. Integrase is a

For many years scientists have been able to look at the DNA strands contained within the cells of most living beings. Then there was the ability to cut into DNA strands, but this took time and money. Over the years movies were written and people have long speculated upon what could be controlled with access to DNA-for example, height, hair color, eye color, athletic ability, and intelligence, just to name a few. Then a few years ago there became a new method for genetic “splicing” this method became known as CRISPR which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated system. This process is very precise and can act like a robot and seek out certain sequences which

HIV is a virus that affects all parts of the globe. However, there are two major global epidemics. The first being in the west and developing countries. In these areas the pattern of infection is found in certain groups. These groups being “drug injectors, gay men and prostitutes” (Pisani p. ) This epidemic is known as the “concentrated epidemic”. This particular pattern HIV spreads rapidly in a concentrated groups. This is because you are most likely to pass on the virus when you are in the first stage of HIV. In a concentrated tight knit group of people who are having several sex partners and sharing needles with others it is easy for the virus to be transmitted. The other epidemic pattern is seen in east and southern Africa as well as some parts of east Africa and the Caribbean. This pattern is also known as “generalised epidemic”. This pattern is different because HIV is in the general population appose to a concentrated population.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are designed to suppress viral replication and maintain viral load at low to undetectable levels (Prabu-Jeyabalan et al, 2002). Due to their high intrinsic antiviral activity, the introduction of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have led to a dramatic decrease in morbidity and mortality rates of HIV-1 infected patients (Codoner et al, 2017). HIV-1 PIs are competitive peptidomimetic inhibitors, mimicking the natural substrate of viral HIV-1 protease, Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins, in order to proteolytic cleavage (Fun et al, 2012).

HIV can currently be regulated by several successful treatments. The current rates of infection have been on the decline due to education, prevention, and getting people treatment according to UNAIDS1. However, a cure has not been found. With a rapidly changing virus, it will be hard to definitively create a cure anytime soon. However, there are a few new ways of treating the virus already infecting genomes of many people. These treatments will work with the current methods being used and will not be an alternative to them. The main treatments that will be discussed are the current Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), and the new CRISPR/CAS9 treatment.

Antisense-based therapeutics have attracted much interest as a novel class of agents for the treatment of ‘viral infections, cancers and genetic disorders due to their

The virus penetrates the host body, weakens the immune system and can cause a life-threatening disease called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) (Masthead, 1962).

The multi-step inhibition mechanism of PIs can result in complex mutation pathways that lead to PI resistance in HIV-1. The cause of virological failure in patients taking PIs are drug resistance mutations outside the active site of HIV-1 protease, but rather throughout the matrix and capsid proteins of the Gag polyprotein in HIV-1. While the mutational pathway that leads to resistance to PIs in HIV-1 is not yet fully understood, mutations in Gag polyproteins have been shown to be associated with changes in PI susceptibility with or without mutations in HIV-1 protease. Mutations in Gag L449F mutation, for example, has been seen to rescue HIV-1 protease activity and increase overall efficiency of catalytic Gag polyprotein cleavage,

Prevention and protection is the most cost effective method to reduce the spread of HIV. In mid-1990s Cambodia's prevention efforts have centered generally on encouraging the condom use among men when participating in business sex and swaying men to diminish their business sex activity. In 1999, the Cambodian government launched a 100% condom usage campaign among the brothel sex workers that was modeled from Thailand's successful program.

In the past, a shock and kill therapy method was used to treat HIV patients. This was done by starting a viral replication process so it can wake up the dormant T cells so the immune system could detect the virus. Although, this did not work which was