The Influence Of Cardiovascular Disease In The UK

Malaria is blood disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium. This disease occurs widely in poor, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. One subtropical region that has been greatly affected by this disease is Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Olowookere, Adeleke, Kuteyi, and Mbakwe (2013) malaria is one of the leading causes of death and illness in sub-Saharan Africa. It is important to be aware of the impacts this disease carries and how it has greatly affected millions of people. This paper will explain the impacts of Malaria and discuss, compare, and contrast the malaria research conducted by various researchers and reflect on the issue.

The data within this document could be considered as a valid and reliable outlook into London’s life expectancy because it is a published document by Public Health England which is a health organisation. The publisher is reputable and therefore it is deemed as being trustworthy (Public Health England. 2013). Furthermore the information has been collected and analysed by professionals. Validity of the document is reinforced as the data given does reflect life expectancy within a given borough (Office For National Statistics. Unknown).

The report show that the data used has reliability and validity because the data used has been taken from official sources such as the Office for National statistics for life expectancy, Health life expectancy, the 2011 census and public health England, these use the key health indicators such as life expectancy which is usually separated by gender, the reports of good and poor general health, infant mortality and the proportion of babies with abnormally low birth rate. All these health indicators are generally reliable because they will based upon simple data which is usually clear and undistorted for example it is quite simple and straight forward to record the life expectancy of a person at birth and the recorded age of a person whose death is being registered. Some of the social class and income measures that may affect the reliability of the data when measuring health inequalities are what is the average income for an area, the individuals incomes, the occupation of the individuals all these measurements are not all fully

In Ghana, West Africa, the fight against malaria has been on since the 1950’s (Ghana Health Services, 2014). 3.5 million People contract malaria annually, with 25% of the death of children under the age of 5 tied to malaria (UNICEF, 2007). The effect on malaria on life, economy and productivity is devastating and every attempt aimed at controlling this epidemic is well targeted. Thus, for this project, we are designing a PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (PPM) targeted at malaria control in Ghana, West Africa.

Leading cause of deaths in UK are cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart disease, cancers and disease of respiratory system. UK has one of the worst mortality rates for breast cancer for women under 65 in Western Europe. Compared to other European Union countries, UK has one of the worst rates of coronary heart disease. Life expectancy is 77.4 years in UK. (European Observatory on Health Care Systems 1999, 1-3.)

According to the health and environment, Malaria is a universal contagious disease and also a tremendous social complication all around the world, especially in South Asia, and Africa. Approximately, 3 billion of the community are in danger of infection in 109 regions. Every year, there is a prediction of 250 million compacts of miasm prominent to 1 million annihilations, particularly adolescents under 5 years old. The structure that causes the greatest unhealthy form of paludism is a imperceptible parasite that is known as the “Plasmodium falciparum”.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease that is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted from female mosquitos when they bite a human. The plasmodium parasite can also be transmitted by blood products like unclean needles or unscreened blood. There are five parasite species (Plasmodium, falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae) that cause malaria in humans, and two of these species, P. falciparum and P. vivax, are the greatest threat (see Figure 1). The severity of malaria is based on the species of plasmodium. The symptoms people experience include chills, fever, and sweating usually occurring within a few weeks after being bitten. In the United States, it is a very rare disease with fewer than 20,000 cases per year, and is treatable by a medical professional. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths. P. falciparum is the most prevalent parasite on the African continent and is responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. P. vivax is more widely distributed than P. falciparum and predominates in most countries outside of Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, resistance of P. falciparum started in medicines, such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). Drug resistance has been implicated in the spread of malaria to new areas and re-emergence of malaria in areas where the disease had been eradicated. Population movement has introduced resistant parasites to areas previously free of drug resistance. Resistance is

What exactly is malaria? Malaria is a disease caused by certain mosquitoes passing on parasites when feeding on people. The most common malaria parasite and is known to be the deadliest is plasmodium falciparum (figure 1). Once this parasite has enters the body, it takes a few weeks before it multiply into thousands and infects red blood cells. According to Malaria No More, it is also known that plasmodium falciparum is carried and transmitted by only female anopheles mosquito and feed on people between the time of 9pm to 5am (Malaria No More).

There are currently five distinct protozoan vertebrate Plasmodium species identified as causal agents of malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovalae, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, with the most common, P. falciparum, accounting for approximately seventy percent of all cases. The female Anopheles gambiae is a vector for all plasmodia of malaria, as observed by Ronald Ross in 1897 (Nobel Media, 2014) , and acquires the Plasmodium by feeding on the blood of an already infected human. Subsequently, the Plasmodium multiplies, and migrates from the midgut of the insect to the oesophagus, ready to be regurgitated into the bloodstream when the mosquito obtains a blood meal from a human (NIH, 2017) . Ultimately, once inoculated by the

Facilitated largely by increased political commitment, an up-scaling of World Health Organisation (WHO) vector control measures and expansion of the so-called “artemisinin-based combination therapies”, the past decade has seen remarkable progress in the global effort against malaria. In fact, latest figures approximate that global investments in malaria control have amassed to a 42% reduction in the diseases’ mortality rate between 2000 and 2012, saving an estimated 3.3 million lives during this period.1 Additionally, malaria incidence rates declined by 25% worldwide, in the same epoch, and by 31% in the African region – the epicentre of disease’s devastation on humanity.1

Worldwide, HIV/AIDS poses an enormous challenge on the survival of mankind. HIV is the leading cause of mortality among women of reproductive age worldwide and is a major contributor to maternal, infant and child morbidity and mortality (1). 33.4 million People are estimated to be living with HIV worldwide; 15.7 million are women and 2 million are children younger than 15 years of age (1). With an adult prevalence of 5.2% in 2008, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been the most severely HIV stricken region, accounting for 71% of all new infections in adults and children, and about 90% of new infections among children worldwide (2). In 2009 the prevalence of HIV in Ethiopia was estimated at 2.3% with differentials: urban (7.7%), rural (0.9%), male (1.8%), and female (2.8%)(3). The number of people living with HIV/AIDS was 1,116,216 of which 84,189 were pregnant women, 72,945 were children under 15years and annual HIV positive births were 14,140(3). In the absence of any intervention of mother to child transmission of HIV(i.e. exclusive breast feeding and use of antiretroviral drugs), the risk of a baby acquiring the virus from an infected mother ranges from 15% to 25% in industrialized countries, and 25% to 35% in developing countries. HIV transmission rate and time of transmission is estimated to be 5% to 10% during pregnancy, 10% to 15% during delivery, and 5% to 20% during breast feeding (4-5). In 2009, 53% of HIV-infected pregnant women worldwide received antiretroviral (ARV)

The successful treatment of malaria infections solely dependent upon the use of the most effective anti-malaria drugs to eradicated the parasite from the individual 's blood. The treatments differ for complicated and uncomplicated infections. The greatest obstacle healthcare workers face is the increased resistance of the Plasmodium parasite to drug therapy. The Plasmodium falciform species has become increasingly resistant in the regions affect by the strain (1).

The last decade has seen an unprecedented amount of progress in malaria elimination efforts in Africa. With organizations and governments increasing contribution to provide malarial prevention and treatment, the incidence of malaria in Africa has dramatically decreased across the world with a 26% decrease since 2000 to 2010. However, there are still over 200 million cases of malaria and an estimated half a million deaths each year are caused by malaria with victims mostly children under the age of 5 and pregnant women.

Life expectancy at birth: High levels of longevity are critical for a country’s economic and social well being.

Population ageing is an international phenomenon. With average life expectancy steadily increasing throughout the world – due to factors such as higher living standards, improved healthcare and the post-war baby-boom – more and more people are living to old age. This is increasing the proportion of ‘older adults’ (>65 years) among the population. In fact, it is estimated that of all the people in human history to have ever reached the age of 65, half are alive now (Pearce, 2010). This trend is particularly apparent in developed countries such as the UK where as of June 2014, the number of older adults amounts to 11.1 million (17.4% of the UK population) (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Moreover, growth in this age group