Hiv : Hiv Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Essay

To fight of viruses, each of them have a special antibody formed to kill that particular virus. To be able to fight them, we need to have more antibodies, so our body produces antibodies to protect itself.

Scientists could predict how many people could die in a period of time. Since 1966, way before Dugas become a sexually active, scientist trace the virus not only in US, but also in places such as Haiti and Africa. Scientists took samples of blood from 1959, 1960 and bodies from 1908 they found the HVI virus in those samples. Beatrice Hahn, a professor from University of Pennsylvania, help to search for a much earlier Patient Zero, by taking it to Africa, and turning back the clock on a series of virus mutations and pinpointing with a diverse viruses such as SIV (simian immune virus), AGM (African green monkey) among many more of cross-species spillover (term scientists use to describe a moment a virus in one specie passes to other spice) in a jungle in Cameroon. A virus hunter, Nathan Wolfe, professor in human biology in Stanford University, takes it back even farther to an intracellular investigation in monkeys, gorillas, and chimps. Concluding with an intense research in chimps in a different places of West Africa, with a data, samples of major groups of HIV, and viruses from chimps created a model of “chimp Patient zero” hundreds of thousands of years

Numerous species of monkey were infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) or Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV). The macaques were the primary group of monkeys infected. “Macaques are physiologically and immunologically similar to humans so there is a significant advantage over rodents and other species. The pathogenic SIV infection of macaques can lead to a disease that is called “simian AIDS;” it is similar in many respects to the disease caused by HIV-1 in humans” (Evans and Silvestri). Using the macaques allows different treatments to occur on the experimental level that cannot be conducted in humans. The treatments have provided and continue to provide “essential information to reach a deeper understanding of the biology of HIV infection and AIDS” (Evans and Silvestri). Non-human primates are easier to use than humans do to the ability to control the timing, dose and route of the virus as well as collecting the samples from tissues that are difficult to collect from humans. Macaques can be infected by vaginal or rectal routes or by oral routes. Macaques have been used to test various “microbicides and vaccines for mucosal protection against HIV acquisition” (Evans and Silvestri). By using non-human primate models for studies of AIDS, many results have been

When a chimpanzee has the virus it is called SIV. A chimpanzee can live safely and unharmed with SIV for a lifetime. Unfortunately the transmission and mutation of the virus likely came from the blood into a cut or consumption of the chimpanzee. The virus then would be passed from human to human through blood, sex, and even breast milk. HIV was discovered in West Africa in 1983 and was shown to bring the carriers life to an end within nine to eleven years after contracting the virus.

There are four main groups of HIV strains (M, N O and P), each with a slightly different genetic make-up. This supports the hunter theory because every time SIV passed from a chimpanzee to a human, it would have developed in a slightly different way within the human body, and produced a slightly different strain. This explains why there is more than one strain of HIV-1 The most studied strain of HIV is HIV-1 Group M, which is the strain that has spread throughout the world and is responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections today. (“origin of HIV & AIDS,”

It is believed that the first case of HIV/AIDs was first recorded somewhere in West Africa somewhere in the beginning of the twentieth century. Since then, it has spread across central Africa, undetected for a long time. But the question that has bewildered many, is how HIV spread in the first place. According to “Natural Transfer Theory”, HIV was spread to humans through chimpanzees. “Africans have been killing and eating monkey for at least fifty thousand years” (43). It was common for small African communities to hunt and eat chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were said to have “SIVs, simian immunodeficiency viruses that closely resembles HIV” (41). The virus is said to have spread to humans through these infected chimpanzees. The blood of these chimpanzees could have

A chimp nearly a million years ago was hunting and ate a Red-Capped Mangabey and a Spot-Nosed Geunon and was then exposed to their versions of the HIV virus. Somehow there becomes a single cell in the chimp infected with both viruses and an enzyme slips while copying one virus and finishes the copy with the other virus. This new infected cell thrives and this chimp becomes patient zero. Then, a hunter in the southeast of the Congo gets infected by the blood of said chimp when he kills/butchers it. When he travels to a nearby village to sell this meat he could then infect a woman who could have relations with a fisherman and infect him. Then, he goes down the main river and to an even bigger town with prostitutes and such and infect more people

To begin with, many scientists found that HIV is related to a similar virus found in chimpanzee after conducting many researched they believe the virus was passed down from monkey hunters to human. Moreover, the first known case of HIV was reported in 1920 in

Anti-genetic drift is a mechanism for different viruses that involve the accrual of mutations within genes that code for antibody bonding sites.

Before we can explore the prevalence of HIV in the older adult population, we need to discuss the history of HIV and what it does. In the United States, HIV has been present since the mid 1970’s (CDC, 2016a). However, it is believed that the first human case of HIV occurred in the 1800’s (CDC, 2016a). During this time, hunters in Central Africa were killing chimpanzees and coming into contact with their blood (CDC, 2016a). Some chimpanzees in this region were infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) (CDC, 2016a). When the humans were infected with SIV, it is thought to have mutated into what we know as HIV (CDC, 2016a).

AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is disease caused HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses). This research paper describes the evolution and origination of HIV and AIDS. There are two types of HIVs. These are called HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIVs result multiple cross species transmission from SIV (simian immunodeficiency viruses) that is viruses that infects primates. HIV-1 comes from SIV from chimpanzees whereas HIV-2 comes from sooty mangabeys. HIV-1 has four sub groups these includes M, N, O, and P. Each of groups has resulted from independent cross-species transmission event. Group M is the most virulent, and it is the first to be discovered. HIV-2 has groups that ranges from A to H. SIV are infecting West Africa primates. This fact is based on the first pandemic HIV-1 has emerged in colonial West African, and most researchers have sampled primates from this region only. Newly emerged SIVs are resulted from multiple cross species transmission and recombination. The cross species transmission occurs from non-humans to humans through eating bushmeat. The cross transmission influenced by host restriction factors, but HIVs were able to pass this barriers. Most SIV are non-pathogenic to the host; however, there is some evidence that some are pathogenic to their host. The age of the virus determined by using molecular clock method. Other studies have estimated the evolutionary timescale with same age as

The evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was originated from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic disease in which creates unembellished harm of body cellular immunity and promotes decrease resistance to infection. This disease was formally predictable in patients of the United States in 1981 and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 1988 that “five to ten million people worldwide are infected with AIDS” (Hunt 1989 p. 353-373). However the main catalyst of HIV was derived from the original host of an infectious chimpanzee in West Africa referred to as simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) (Sharp & Hahn 2010). The recent article ‘The Evolution of HIV-1 and the Origin of AIDS’ illustrated by Sharp and Hahn (2010) proposes that there is a likelihood of transportation of the disease between chimpanzee to human beings through “exposure to infected blood and body fluids during the butchery of bush meat”. It was put forward, that after years of observation, it was established that women who were diagnosed SIV-positive had a fertility reduction in regards to the

HIV is a quite detrimental virus that has caused much disruption during the 1980’s when it came to life. HIV is “one of the fastest evolving of all organisms” (Rambaut A. ET. Al. 2004) HIV has found ways in which to resist drugs and shows evolutionary mechanisms. The HIV virus has also

In general, the two main types are classified as HIV-1 and HIV-2 [12], and while both types appear to have the same clinical manifestations, HIV-2 tends to have a lower transmission rate upon effective contact (direct contact between infectious and susceptible individuals) and a lower incubation period (the time period between infection and clinical symptoms) [13-15]. HIV-2 is rarely found outside of West Africa which prompts the public to imply HIV-1 when talking about HIV in public literature worldwide [16]. HIV-1 is further divided into groups based on their close phylogenetic association with the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) which is also a retrovirus capable of infecting around 45 species of primates [17, 18]. HIV-1 subtypes include groups M, N, O, P, with Group M (which stands for Major) encompassing over 90% of HIV-1 infections worldwide and is believed to be closely related to the SIVcpz isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) [10, 19]. Other groups of HIV-1 appear to be less prevalent and geographically limited centered in west-central Africa with groups O and P showing phylogenetic similarities with SIVgor isolated from the Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) [20, 21]. Analysis of HIV-1 has led to further create subtypes within group M based on the geographic prevalence, with subtypes

The HIV virus could possibly have been spread from a type of ape in Africa that contracted the animal version of HIV, called SIV, and infected humans when they hunted the ape, then changed from SIV into HIV after mutation. The virus then, throughout the years, spread to US and caused KS. nearly forty percent of people with HIV developed KS in the 1980’s and the disease became the face of HIV. Dr. Robert Gallo from NIH discovered the cause of HIV and how to diagnose it in April of 1984. Gallo stated that the HTLV-III virus is most likely the cause of HIV/Aids.