Hiv's Pathology : Symptoms And Structural Causes Of HIV

CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infects cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages. HIV has an envelope and contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as the genome. Within the viral capsid are important viral enzymes called reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV virus has a spike protein that is called gp120, and the host cell receptor is CD4+. HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses. Retroviruses are RNA viruses, and to replicate or reproduce, they must make a DNA copy of their RNA through transcription and translation. It is the DNA genes that allow the

* HIV belongs to a group of retroviruses called lentiviruses. The genome of retroviruses is made of RNA, and each virus has two single chains of RNA; for replication, the virus needs a host cell, and the RNA must first be transcribed into DNA, which is done with the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

A virus is frequently the cause of diseases. It’s composed of several nucleic acids and a protein coat to enclose all the contents. Viruses access a host cell and replicate their genes into a cell, which causes the foreign genes to spread. The nucleus is considered the brain of the cell because it contains all the cell’s DNA. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and is often referred to as AIDS. HIV is frequently caused by sexually transmitted diseases, and contact

gp41 (envelope antigen), are highly immunogenic, the antibody responses vary according to the virus load and the immune competence of the host. The antigenicity of these various components provides a means for detection of antibody, the basis for most HIV testing.[35] Accessory genes carried by HIV include tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, and vpu (for HIV-1) or vpx (for HIV-2). The rev gene encodes for a regulatory protein which switches the processing of viral RNA transcripts to a pattern that predominates with established infection, leading to production of viral structural and enzymatic proteins. The long terminal repeat (LTR) serves as a promoter of transcription.[22,30,32,33]

HIV is a retrovirus that that contains RNA and is a member of the subfamily of viruses called lentivirus, in this group infection develops slowly. It

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: It stops the HIV virus from making copies by interfering with a critical step during its life cycle.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) puts its own genome directly into a host cell during the time of infection (Ebina et al, 2013). This can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) if it is left untreated. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. HIV can remain dormant for years once its DNA is in the host cell (Fessenden, 2015). HIV infects

In order for the genetic material of the virus to integrate into the hots DNA, it must be changed by an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase16: an enzyme called integrase is then activated as the virus new genetic material enters into the nucleus of the CD4 cells, then acts to integrate itself into the genetic material of the host cell16 and when the host cell becomes active it then uses the host machinery to generate or replicate more of its genetic material thus creating a much longer protein1, 16, 17; a protease then acts to cut the HIV protein into individual proteins. Viral assembly then takes place16, 17, the virus will then bud and then be released into the blood stream where it will go on and attack the CD4 cells and the process will take place again16. Therefore individual infected with HIV becomes HIV positive and will always be HIV

One strand of the RNA is transcribed into a RNA- DNA double helix, whereas the breakdown of RNA uses ribonuclease- H. Without delay, polymerase completes the cycle with the other DNA strand to form a double helix. Soon after the complication of the polymerase the next enzymes, integrase, takes over. This enzyme is required to cut the end of every third prime and then transfer the DNA into the nucleus. As a result, of combining with the host cell genome that now contains the genetic information of HIV. The cytoplasm gets invaded by the messenger RNA where new viruses are synthesized. Protease, one of the last of the enzymes, helps create the infectious virus. Finally, when the virus becomes mature by the RNA strands and enzymes they come together and form the capsid. It would leave the host cell ready to infect other cells and replicate by billions per day. (“How HIV Infects a Cell.”) Furthermore, with help of antiretroviral therapy, it can block the steps of the viral life cycle and control the

HIV is very popular in America HIV belongs to a group of retroviruses called lentiviruses. The genome of retroviruses is made of RNA. And every virus has two single chains of RNA, for replication, the virus needs a main cell, and the RNA must first be transcribed into DNA, which can be done with the enzyme reverse transcriptase. HIV infects mainly the CD4+ lymphocytes. It also to a lesser degree monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Once infected, the cell turns into an hiv-replicating cell and loses its function in the human immune system. HIV is a ball-shaped virus. It has two single strands of RNA for its genome. The RNA is made to carry the genetic information that passed on when new hiv particles are produced. This is different from a normal cell and it uses DNA to carry its genetic information.

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus for which the virus is responsible for HIV infections. The virus attacks the immune system making it impossible for the immune system to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is a lentil retrovirus with a genetic complexity not seen previously among any kind of retrovirus. It operates in an inconspicuous nature comprising several parts: HIV destroys immunologically important white blood cells called T-helper cells (CD4+.) It goes inside a host cell DNA, where it can remain stays for extended periods and it inactively infects cells of monocyte lineage that can move throughout the body. It also has an affinity to nerve cells making it neurotropic and its antigenic biological properties are heterogeneous. However, HIV is distinct from acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS, which is the full syndrome that consequently damages the immune system. AIDS is a stage when an

HIV is a quite detrimental virus that has caused much disruption during the 1980’s when it came to life. HIV is “one of the fastest evolving of all organisms” (Rambaut A. ET. Al. 2004) HIV has found ways in which to resist drugs and shows evolutionary mechanisms. The HIV virus has also

To be a retrovirus is not the same as a virus. HIV is a retrovirus and it is classified as this because HIV’s genetic information is being enclosed by RNA instead of DNA. HIV targets a specific cell within the immune system and those are the T cells or also known as CD4+ cells. HIV causes immune dysfunction by destroying these cells. HIV contains a glycoprotein, called gp120 that is vital for the virus to enter the T cell. It attaches to the surface, called the CD4+. As it attaches, the retrovirus’ membrane fuses to the lymphocyte cell membrane, therefore gaining entry into the cell.

Due to how HIV replicates with reverse transcriptase, many errors result during replication of the genome. The diversity of the HIV genome can cause difficulties when developing a HIV vaccine. Dr. Not A Scientist indicated problems resulting from the body’s inability to develop antibodies during natural HIV infection. This inability would also mean that an HIV vaccine wouldn’t be able to produce HIV-specific antibodies. However, Dr. Not A Scientist is incorrect because HIV-specific antibodies develop within approximately 1 week of infection. Still one problem arises from the high mutation rate: the ability of antibodies to bind to HIV antigens. Antibodies are antigen specific and fit like a lock and key. When the HIV genome makes errors during replication on mutates, surface proteins can change causing HIV-specific antibodies to no longer be able to bind [5].

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a retrovirus originally encoded in ribonucleic acid or RNA (Fraser et al., 2008). HIV virions travel through the blood stream and other bodily fluids in order to infect