Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide

Over the period of 67 years, Catherine the Great- a former Empress of Russia in the 1700’s- used various methods in order to implement foreign policy unto her nation and the nations around her. Her accomplishments in foreign policy not only caused drastic changes in her own country for her own people, but also in surrounding countries and their people. The most impressive and life-altering achievement of Catherine the Great, was the way in which she intelligently and manipulatively went about her way in seizing control over one-third of Poland. Catherine II first began her rule in the year 1762, with the help and advocacy of multiple allies, some of which included the supportive countries of; Austria, England, and France. (Erikson 187)

Moving on to the time period of this document this document was written March 1, 1789 a couple months before the storming of the Bastille. Thus, at this time in history there was a significant amount of commotion arising from the people of the Third Estate. The people of the Third Estate were trying to voice their opinions on the oppressive political and economic situations occurring at this time in France in order to try and bring about a reform. These oppressive political and economic situations that the Third Estate were trying to reform included things such as the king heavily taxing only the Third Estate, who already did not even have the finances to survive let alone pay these high taxes. Another example is the fact that the Third Estate did not have equal representatives in the political society to represent their wants and demands in comparison to the First and Second Estates, which can be seen through out Cahier de Doleance’s, Villagers of Lion-en-Sullias, Women of Paris, Flower Sellers, and Village of Pithiviers-le-Vieil. Cahier de Doleance’s, District of Mansigne. Not only does this text help historians and the reader get a better understanding of the specific wants of the Third Estate but the rest of his documents such as Villagers of Lion-en-Sullias, Women of Paris, Flower Sellers, and

Identify the following people/groups. Who are they? What was their role in the Revolution? What are they known for? If they are a writer, include the title of their work.

Frederick diminished the power of the Junkers, who were the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia that threatened his power. He did so by giving them reconfirmation of their own privileges, which included authority over serfs in exchange for their acceptance of taxation. The “Great Elector’s” son, Frederick I, became the first Prussian king by helping the Habsburgs and Holy Roman empire in the War of Spanish Succession. He later passed the throne down to his son, Frederick William I. Frederick William I, known as “the Soldiers’ king”, is considered to have truly consolidated Prussian absolutism by eliminating the “last traces of parliamentary estates and local self-government.” [1] In addition, Frederick William I turned Prussia into a military estate by forcing conscription, which became lifelong in 1713. Instead of destroying the Junkers, he appeased them by allowing them to lead his growing army in which peasants were forced to serve in. In addition, he abused the Junkers’ acceptance of taxation, which allowed him to create such a well-trained army and an educational system that was under state control. Therefore, he created a “rigid and highly disciplined” [1] civil society that consisted of a

Peter the Great of Russia was the only autocrats of the current period that went as far as to build an entirely new capital. This greatly contrasted the new or totally transformed sites

Russia emerged as a significant power during the 1500s through war. It fought its neighbors and expanded its territory aimlessly. Ivan the Terrible’s expansion brought him into contact with both Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire. Aiming to gain a port and outlet to the Baltic,

Catherine was one of Russia's greatest Rulers. She built numerous buildings, wrote the “Nakaz”, brought the arts, religious tolerance to Russia; she conquered huge amounts of land, won numerous wars and took a throne she had no right to. She ruled for 34 years, all the time making Russia a better place, she was no power hungry dictator, but an enlightened despot that only worked to help Russia. Many people say and want to believe Catherine the Great was just a power hungry dictator because of things like a lowered a serf status, for taking her husband's throne or for being a woman with a reputation with men. She was a woman who wasn't power hungry; if she was wouldn't she have tried to conquer all of Europe.

Frederick the Great exhibited his greatness as a ruler by winning all 3 of the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years’ War against Austria. He improved domestic affairs by making Prussia a world power by increasing their rankings, and by strengthening the arts and literature. Frederick the Great also succeeded in foreign affairs by creating the German League of Princes and forced the Holy Roman Empire to abandon all ideas of acquiring Bavaria. Historians can debate otherwise but Frederick II is truly deserving of his title of “the great.” His entire reign justifies and proves he is in fact Frederick the

Natural rights Mercantilism principles, opinions and sentiment New ideas and issues affected social customs, political ideals, and gender and racial roles as the thirteen colonies developed in the beginning of the United States. The Enlightenment began in Europe and enhanced the use of reasons for all areas of life. This greatly influence Americas society and culture.

In this essay I will break down and give background on the conflicts between the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. I will compare and contrast a few of the economical differences between these empires.

He was much like Catherine and helped make his society a much better place to live in. He was also called Joseph of Austria. He reformed the legal system in the Empire. Also, he abolished brutal punishments and even the death penalty in some instances. He also made it so that all offenders were treated equally on the law. He also stopped censoring the press. Lastly, he made education accessible to all children in the empire. He had elementary education available to all boys and girls. He made education more available. Even university-level education was granted to some. All in all, Joseph helped change his empire for the

Catherine II once said “Power without a nation’s confidence is nothing” (“Catherine the Great Quote”). Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, was one of Russia’s greatest leaders. Although she was German born, Catherine II looked forward to her chance at ruling Russia and changed the country for the better. She tried to create policies that were in the best interest of the Russian people and would help to westernize her country (“World”). Catherine the Great was responsible for expanding Russia and the implementation of political, education, and social reforms that changed the country (“World”). Catherine II fueled Russia with progressive and modern ideas that threw her country into the future.

* Burdened by debt from the Seven Years’ War and French support for the American Revolution, King Louis XVI needed to raise taxes, so he agreed to convene the Estates General, which met in 1789 at Versailles. Led by the

Catherine the Great was the German wife of Peter III. She corresponded actively with Voltaire and other prominent eighteenth-century thinkers, and paid lip service to their liberal ideas; but she did little to reform or modernize Russia. She introduced such western ideas as pleased her, at the same time increasing Russian autocracy and military power. In addition, she extended Russia's boundaries southward and westward. Catherine joined with Austria and Prussia in three partitions that completely eliminated independent Poland.

The seeking of protective alliances was a crucial matter in the context of the German movement, Owen Chadwick describes the Germany of the 16th century as governed by 'a miscellany of local powers, princes, bishops, city magistrates, nobles or robber barons, knights. ' The Central government was weak and these local powers depended on local strength rather than upon weak imperial law. The previous year had seen war panic whereby Otto von Pack provisional chancellor of the Duchy of Saxony, fraudulently led Phillip into the belief that Ferdinand of Austria, the Electors of Mainz and Brandenburg, the Dukes of Saxony and Bavaria, and other Roman Catholic rulers had concluded a league at Breslau, May 15, 1527, for the extermination of Protestantism. This fraught situation had elicited a rash response from Phillip, which had painted the Protestant princes as ‘aggressors and disturbers of the peace’.