Hodgkin Case Study

If the lymph nodes in the armpit or neck are enflamed then the procedure is simple, however if it is only the nodes in the chest a mediastinoscopy or a less common thoracotomy is required. This involves opening the chest, or in the case of thoracotomy the neck, so that the entire lymph may be taken out. To test the stage of the disease the following tests are available depending on preference and the position of the lymph nodes. A CT scan or Ultrasound shows lymph nodes in the stomach area, abnormalities in the liver or spleen problems. A lymphograph can detect pelvic and abdominal problems, bone marrow biopsy test the bone marrow as the Hodgkin’s disease often spreads to the marrow. A laparotomy involves the surgeon opening one’s abdomen to see the organs. At times the spleen is removed as it is often infected with Hodgkin’s disease and it being gone often helps with radiotherapy. Laparotomy is less frequent as scanning type tests are more often used. Liver biopsy tests the liver, this is only necessary in certain circumstances. A gallium scan entails an injection of gallium, and because of the way Hodgkin’s disease takes up gallium parts of the nodes which are otherwise difficult to see are visible. Blood tests are often done as well and new methods of testing are being developed. In any of these cases if a Reed-Sternberg cell is found

N2a – there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the arm pit, which are stuck to each other and to

The early stage (Stage 1) is non-invasive and not having penetrated the skin too deep. Stage 1 the tumours have invaded the skin but not too deep and grows at a slow rate. Stage 2 tumours are larger (over 1mm thick) and multiply at a rate of greater than 1/mm2; Stage 2 melanoma is called as intermediate melanoma. Stages 3 and 4 are more invasive and have spread deep down the skin and to other parts of the body. There are sub divisions along the various stages

Stage IV: it is clear that there is a wide spread of the tumor into other locations by using the lymph system

Cancer it is a rapid growth of abnormal cells. There is two types of cancers malignant and benign tumor. A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that grows and divides at a very rapid pace providing no benefit to the body. The difference between them is the malignant is when the tumor affects the functioning of surrounding cells and is the cancerous type of tumor. However a benign tumor is when it does not affect the surrounding cells and tissues and is not the cancerous one. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a cancer which begin in the cells called lymphocytes and they are located near the cells. The name Hodgkin came from a doctor named Dr. Thomas Hodgkin when was the first person to successfully described the Lymphoma cancer.

Stage 1 Hodgkin’s disease affects a single lymph node or lymph node region. The lymph nodes most commonly affected are the nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.

Webster’s Dictionary defines Hodgkin’s disease as “a neoplastic disease that is characterized by progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver and by progressive anemia” (“Hodgkin’s Disease”, n.d.). This form of cancer is relatively rare affecting only about 9,000 of the 80,000 diagnosed forms of lymphoma in the United States each year (“About Hodgkin’s Lymphoma”, n.d.). Until recently, Hodgkin’s was difficult to treat but with the advancement of technology and medicine, patients with this disease have a very high rate of survival and even remission. Early signs usually begin with painless, swollen lymph nodes in the axillary, cervical, or inguinal regions. Other symptoms may include pruritus, cachexia, anorexia, nocturnal hyperhidrosis,

The cancer hasn’t spread to other areas of the body yet. Stage III is the cancer has spread into the fatty tissue that surrounds the bladder. The cancer hasn’t spread to other areas of the body yet. (American Cancer Society Inc.)

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as “the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.” Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. “Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors” (cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used to “describe the severity of a person’s cancer based on the size and/or extent (reach) of the original (primary) tumor and whether or not cancer has spread in the body” (cancer.gov). The importance’s of staging cancer is to assist the doctor with planning appropriate treatments to fight the cancer

The level of lymph node indecent, ulceration and whether the tumor spread they are three primary characteristics of stage III. There are three subclasses of stage III tumor is IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. According to skin cancer foundation “Melanoma advances to sages III or beyond, an important change has occurred”. The tumor of stage III is spread to the lymph nodes when the tumor up to be in the next stage is IV. According to cancer. net “stage IV, the melanoma has traveled beyond the regional lymph nodes to more distant areas of the body”. There are three primary characteristics is the size and number tumor, elevated LDH levels and location of distant

The three main subtypes are Classic Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Mixed Cellularity Classic Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Classic Hodgkin’s Lymphoma typically affects lymph nodes in the cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal regions and are non-tender but firm.3 Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin’s Lymphoma affects the lymph nodes in the supradiaphragmatic region. Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin’s Lymphoma affects the lymph nodes and organs in the subdiaphragmatic region and these individuals typically present with B-symptoms.

Cancer stages include stage 0, stage IA, stage IB, stage IIA, stage IIB stage IIIA, stage IIIB, stage IVA and stage IVB. Stage 0 is where the cancer if found but has not grown or spread. Stage IA is where the tumor is less than 3 cm wide. Stage IB is where the tumor is more than 3 cm wide and less than 5 cm wide. Stage IIA is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide. That hasn’t spread to any other lymph nodes. It also can be a tumor that smaller than 5 cm but has spread to other lymph nodes. Stage IIB is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide, but this tumor has spread to other lymph nodes. This stage can also include a tumor that is more than 7 cm wide but hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes.

Lymphoma is a type of lymphatic cancer. There are two different types of lymphoma called Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin. These two lymphomas are rendered cancerous because they not only invade but also destroy normal tissues (Very 2016.) The major differences between these two categories are how the cancer behaves, spreads, and responds to treatment. To determine which lymphoma is present, the cancer cells can be identified under a microscope. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common form, representing 95% of all cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (Flavell 2010.) This cancer normally begins in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body.

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The