Hodgkin Lymphomas

If the lymph nodes in the armpit or neck are enflamed then the procedure is simple, however if it is only the nodes in the chest a mediastinoscopy or a less common thoracotomy is required. This involves opening the chest, or in the case of thoracotomy the neck, so that the entire lymph may be taken out. To test the stage of the disease the following tests are available depending on preference and the position of the lymph nodes. A CT scan or Ultrasound shows lymph nodes in the stomach area, abnormalities in the liver or spleen problems. A lymphograph can detect pelvic and abdominal problems, bone marrow biopsy test the bone marrow as the Hodgkin’s disease often spreads to the marrow. A laparotomy involves the surgeon opening one’s abdomen to see the organs. At times the spleen is removed as it is often infected with Hodgkin’s disease and it being gone often helps with radiotherapy. Laparotomy is less frequent as scanning type tests are more often used. Liver biopsy tests the liver, this is only necessary in certain circumstances. A gallium scan entails an injection of gallium, and because of the way Hodgkin’s disease takes up gallium parts of the nodes which are otherwise difficult to see are visible. Blood tests are often done as well and new methods of testing are being developed. In any of these cases if a Reed-Sternberg cell is found

According to the American Cancer Society website, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s disease, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in the cells of the lymph system, which is part of the body’s immune system.1 It is a type of cancer of the blood that affects the white blood cells, which are usually involved in protecting against infections. NHL is not a single disease, but rather a group of at least 31 closely related cancers that affect the lymphatic system.2 Although the different types of NHL have some things in common, particularly their lymphatic origin, they differ in their appearance under the microscope, their molecular features, their

Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. It is how the doctor learns the stage of a person's cancer. Doctors use this information to plan treatment and to help predict a person's outlook (prognosis). Cancers with the same stage tend to have similar outlooks and are often treated the same way. The cancer stage is also a way for doctors to describe the extent of the cancer when they talk with each other about a person’s case.

Thesis Statement: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, although rare, can be fatal and it is important to be informed on the cause, symptoms, and treatments to further your awareness and provide a better understanding on the dynamics of this disease.

There are at least 30 different entities referred to as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and they range from the indolent to the very aggressive. Taken together, the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the fifth most common cancers in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death due to cancer 1. More than 356,000 cases are diagnosed annually with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), however, mortality cases are high as well, evaluated as 192,000 2. NHL is defined as a combination of malignancies originating from T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes 3, 4. The invasion is not only restricted to the lymphatic system but the central nervous system, the skin, the bone marrow and adrenal glands are commonly affected as well 5, 6. Numerous factors are associated with the progression of NHL as organs

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma, which is universal term for tumors that develop in the lymphatic system. It is also called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin represents for about 90% of all lymphomas, and the remaining 10% are indicating to as Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas have an extensive variety of histological appearances and clinical components, which can make diagnosis hard. Lymphomas are not uncommon, and most doctors, independent of their and expertise, will presumably have gone over a patient with

The symptoms of Hodgkin’s disease frequently depend upon the stage of disease. Staging defines the extent to which the disease has spread throughout the body. Moreover, it often determines which treatment(s) will be required.

Risk factors basically increase an individual probability of forming cancer. Cancer is not cause by risk factors directly; however risk factors usually play a role in the growth of the cancer. There are individuals who have many risk factors, but may not ever come across cancer. Then you have those with no risk factors that form cancer. Regardless, knowing your risk factors can be important in your life and your lifestyle. Talking with a primary care physician can help in making better health choices.

There are approximately 62,000 people around the world that are diagnosed with lymphoma every year. That means about 169 people are diagnosed with lymphoma every day, and some of us aren’t even aware of what lymphoma is. Lymphoma is a blood cancer that takes place when lymphocytes start to behave abnormal. Once the cells become abnormal they stop protecting the body from infections or diseases which cause them to grow without control and form tumors. There are two main types of lymphomas, there is Hodgkin Lymphoma which involves Reed Sternberg cells, giant cells, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, which would be all the ones that don’t involve Reed Sternberg cells.

Leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and myeloma are all types of blood cancer affecting the white blood cells, namely lymphoid or myeloid white blood cells or the plasma cells. In one research conducted in the Nurses’ Health Study, NHS, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study HPFS, over a 22 years period, they found association between consuming aspartame and increased risk of the blood cancer. A large sample consisting of 77,218 women aged between 30-55 years old and 47,810 men within an age group of 40-75 years was taken. The average consumption of aspartame was calculated to be 114mg in HPFS and 102 mg in NHS. The results of the study prevailed a positive correlation between consuming diet soda and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and myeloma in men only. However, the risk ok leukemia increased for both men and women. (Schernhammer et.al. 2012) These results were examined and concluded with the reasoning of aspartame being a methyl ester which is broken down into toxic products inside our body. In another study, these products

Before treatment, patients are required to get some testing done. They would need to get cardiac and pulmonary testing done going to an ear nose and throat doctor is highly recommended but are optional. Patients who wish to start a family after they are done with treatment should talk to a fertility doctor as treatments can affect a patient's future fertility. The most common treatments for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplant ,and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is an efficient treatment, but it can cause some patients to get leukemia. Radiation therapy is also very effective. When it is used aggressively it can reduce the risk of a patient relapsing, but it has be known to boosts the chance of later fatality different causes. Immunotherapy helps a patient’s immune system. It uses medicine to help immune system to identify and kill cancer cells. Stem cell transplants are normally the back up treatment in fighting Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Sometimes Hodgkin’s Lymphoma comes back after chemotherapy and radiation. A stem cell transplant also allows doctors to give a higher amount of chemotherapy. Hopefully, one of

For patients with favorable early-stage disease, two to four rounds chemotherapy treatment is used. “The standard for chemotherapy is the ABVD regimen: doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine.” Patients with B symptoms or intermediate stage are treated to four to six rounds of chemotherapy. Usually these patients are treated with, “BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin (Adriamycin) cyclophosphamide, vincristine(Onocovin), procarbazine, and prednisone)” (Lewis, p.670) Radiation is also used in conjunction with chemotherapy depending if the disease is resistant and the location of the disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) and CT scans are used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. (Lewis,

The evaluation looks at these factors in relationship to the cancer’s invasion of other organs, metastases to lymph nodes or beyond and the persistence or recurrence of the cancer

The most common symptom of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a lump in the neck or under the arm (“Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Disease1”). There are four different stages of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Stage 1 means that the cancer is found in 1 area of a lymph node (“ Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 2 can mean two things; the cancer is in 2 or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diagram or the cancer involves a single organ and its regional lymph nodes, with or without cancer in other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 3 means that there is cancer in lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 4 is when the lymphoma has spread throughout more than one area of the body (“Lymphoma-Hodgin-Stages1”). There is also recurrent Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and this means that the lymphoma has come back after treatment (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is important to know about because it compresses the body’s ability to fight infections and needs to be treated

1- Is an infection can cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women whose their age between 40-50?