Hoggan Chapter 10

I do need to be aware that I will need to adapt the way I communicate with different audiences because different people all require me to connect with them in a variety of different styles, i.e. adult-adult, child-child, adult-child. By using effective communication I am able to help clear up conflicts, build harmony and overcome any communication gaps which, themselves can create conflict amongst people.

Words mean everything. How you present them, the tone you use and the purpose behind them. Using a megaphone as a metaphor, George Sanders presents the idea of speaking with direction and getting an audience’s attention. Words only mean so much if can’t speak with intelligence and thoughtfulness. Sanders describes how the media can have an effect on an audience’s thoughts and imagination. In The Braindead Megaphone; George Sanders explains the four ways to effectively communicate your message is, the clarity of language, the agenda of information, the time constructing your narrative, and the amount of time allowed for the communication.

Communication is a fundamental element of how we as individuals stimulate meaning, or relate our thoughts and ideas to others, in verbal and nonverbal messages (Wrench, McCroskey, & Richmond, 2008, p.7). Communication is classified in three forms; accidental, expressive, or rhetorical according to Wrench, McCronsky, & Richmond (2008, p. 4-7). In the case study video of “No One Listens”, the gentleman telling the story of his work experience displays all three forms of communication.

Mass media is an ever-growing field where millions of people are connected at a constant basis. With that being said opinions and viewpoints are established on a daily basis through the media society reads. Many of these news media sources can be persuasive and have an influence on individual’s opinions. This concept is called framing. While it is related to the concept of agenda setting, framing focuses more on the issue at hand rather than on a particular topic. Framing is an important topic because of its major influence over the choices people make and how they process information. “Goffman stated that there are two distinctions within primary frameworks which are natural and social. Both play the role of helping individuals interpret

Lisa, head publisher of a rising publishing firm company. She starts her day by speaking to her publicity team on some new marketing strategies. Lisa then spends time on the phone talking with all of the editors she represents. At a lunch meeting Lisa talks to the executive board on a couple of manuscripts she has been championing. Would one think that Lisa is a public speaker? Most people would say no, but after reading Stephen Lucas the Art of Public Speaking, I have learned that Lisa is a public speaker and is using her public speaking skills to inform her coworkers. Chapter 15 is about speaking to inform an audience. Lucas begins this chapter with the types of informative speeches and some analysis and organization skills for each topic. There are many ways to classify an informative speech, Lucas breaks it down into four main topics: objects, processes, events, and concepts. Lucas begins this chapter by speaking on speeches about objects. Lucas defines an object as “Objects include anything that is visible, tangible, and stable to form. … Here are examples of subjects for speeches about objects e-book readers, Susan B. Anthony, service dogs, titanium, human eye and Golden Gate Bridge” (Lucas, 2012, pg. 278.). Lucas reminds us that whatever subject a speaker will pick they must know that they will not be able to tell everything on the subject. To instead pick the most important ideas the speaker wants to get across and use those to develop a main point. Next Lucas shows

The textbook explains that the way someone would talk to a friend would be much different than the way that they would talk to a boss or a teacher. The audience a person is trying to reach according to the book is determined by, “What you write, how much you write, how you phrase it, even your choice of genre ( memo, essay, email, note, speech) - all are influenced by the audience you envision” (57). To be a good writer or a good speaker learning how to interpret the kind of audience that is being addressed is imperative to a good piece of work. In this chapter there are many things that will be helpful in the future to learn how to reach different audiences with writing

Since I choose the article to be about politics, the article mostly pertains to Framing. Any political issue that is shown to the public influences the way people think of stuff and they way they perceive the situation. For instance, Trump situation. Trump has been changing so many people’s mind about certain things that they don’t realise what’s good or bad anymore. Mostly the people who agree and are on Trump side are white people. Trump has lead so many whites to start discriminating and being racist all over again. Trump himself has attacked every race out

As a researcher, Speakman used interactivity, gatekeeping, spiral of silence, habit and agendamelding theories to conduct studies that examine how people engage with each other and the media’s role in creating and maintaining those communities. Furthermore, the media must understand the audience if they hope to reach a public that increasingly has more methods of receiving information.

Typically the media attempt to use frames that are familiar to both the audience and themselves (Baylor, 1996). Frames are designed to provide context and help to explain what we experience (Goffman, 1974; Bateson, 1955). The choice of any particular frame will highlight some aspects of reality while leaving others out (Goffman, 1974; Debatin, 2013). However, it is challenging to gain acceptance for a frame that is not already part of a widespread culture (Baylor, 1996). Framing not only indicates the language used, but how much a story is covered in terms of its length or number of articles, as well as how much and what details are included (Baylor,

Frames are important because they shape the way that the problems described are interpreted. To frame a problem is taking a facet of reality and delivering them in such a way that makes them more notable in communicating a problem.They examine the presentation, selection, emphasis, and exclusion processes inherent in communication. Frames are able to accomplish such manipulation in communication because of the inexplicit potency of their message. To frame also means to define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies. Frames are clearly set in the media so that they can achieve their desired result, and are important because of the significance and influence they hold.

Newman and Genevieve Birk focus on the slanted information that we receive in our everyday lives. In fact, much of the information we read and hear slants towards audiences having a specific response (Birk and Birk). What take from that information is screened, slanted by selected facts,

According to Erving Goffman, it is a “schemata of interpretation”. (Goffman, 1974) On the other hand, Todd Gitlin interprets framing as “persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion”. (Gitlin, 1980) On the contrary, scholars Joseph Cappella and Kathleen Jamieson believe that media framing “activates knowledge and stimulate cultural values and morals” within an audience. (Capella and Jamieson, 1997) All these various theories offers support as to how and why the framing of a news article matters.

The media usually frame the story for the public to understand all these events. Through framing, they highlight some of the issues to capture the attention of the audience in an individual occurrence (Liu, 8). The theory describes framing in two ways, the media frame, and the audience frame. According to Gitlin media frame helps the journalist in recognition, interpretation, and dissemination of the information. On the other hand, the audience frames are the patterns of cognition and description of events and idea that news anchors develop in the mind of the spectators. Frame theory argues that media frames impact the way of thinking in the audience by emphasizing on some areas of events. They either amplify or shrink the episodes in an

Strategic Frame is a proprietary to communications practice and researches that pay close attention to the publics deeply help worldview and widely help assumptions. Strategic frame recognize that there is more than one way to tell a story. Strategic frame taps into decades of research on how communicate and how people think. The result is an empirically-driven communications process that makes academic research interesting, usable to help people solve social problems, and understandable. In 1970’s media framing has been receiving attention. This constructed employer’s to understand communication as a wide range of disciplines that includes economics, speeches, political science, sociology, organizational behavioral, and psychology. Strategic frame involves the technique by communications professionals, retort, and social advocates in fields such as public advertisers and relations. Strategic frame goals are to focus audience attention on particular portions of aspects and message

Walter Fisher created the narrative paradigm in 1984. Our book lists several communication theories under the heading of group and public communication, with narrative paradigm being one of them. Fisher contends it is human nature to communicate by use storytelling or when reporting events. Contrary to what a person may reason, one need not have a good argument, rather, just a good story to tell.