Holocene Injustice

In The Republic, the great philosopher Plato attempts to reveal through the character and dialogues of Socrates that justice is better when it is the good for which men must strive for, regardless of whether they could be unjust and still be rewarded. His method is to use dialectic, the asking and answering of questions. This method leads the audience from one point to another, supposedly with indisputable logic by obtaining agreement to each point before going on to the next, therefore, building an argument.

This article won the first prize (Rs. 25,000 cash) in the 2nd Annual All Pakistan Essay Writing Competition held by Quaid-e-Azam Law College.

Beyond the cognitive and attitudinal evaluation of the procedural injustice Weisse et al (1999) argues that feeling unfairly treated have an affect appraisal element as well. In their study, they were able to integrate theories of injustice and appraisal theories of emotions to demonstrate that justice can be thought of as an affective event. More specifically, they linked the effects of justice conditions to various discrete emotions. Procedural injustice was found to be directly linked to the discrete anger as a predictor of reaction to the unfair treatment. Moreover, unfairness and illegitimacy have been extended from an individual appraisal of an event to group based appraisals of the event (E.R. Smith, 1993).

Similar to the Galapagos finches, Anolis lizards of the Caribbean islands have evolved into an extremely diverse species, and it can be assumed that these series of species all diverged from a common ancestor many years ago. Therefore, biologists have developed two contrasting theories to explain the evolutionary relationships between the types of Caribbean Anolis lizards. Either the ecomorphs all evolved on one, large island and then split onto different islands, or the ecomorphs evolved repeatedly and independently from each other on separate islands. Based on the data, the latter is most heavily supported - that speciation of the Anolis lizards occurred on different islands and from common ancestors independent from each other.

Injustice has plagued society for years. An injustice could be described as an unfair treatment usually racially motivated. As a black male in America, injustices are practically thrown my way. People that look like me long for justice. The book “Between the World & Me” and the song “Mortal Man” both show the side of injustice with a strong need for justice by proposing solutions. Specially written by the 7 time Grammy Award winning Hip Hop artist Kendrick Lamar was born in Compton, California and is currently residing there as an signed artist to Dr. Dre’s record label, Aftermath. Kendrick Lamar first went as his persona, K-Dot, but as time went by he soon changed his name from K-Dot to just his Middle name as Kendrick Lamar. In the song,

During the Late Devonian period approximately 375 to 360 million years ago, a major extinction of marine life dramatically decreased biodiversity. Researchers state that of the five separate major global mass extinctions, there were only three truly significant mass extinctions on a global level that resulted in a critical drop in diversity: the end-Ordovician, end-Permian, and end-Cretaceous (Bambach et al., 2004). The other two— late Frasnian and end Triassic— do not follow the sequence of remarkable extinction patterns because it is not confirmed that extinction was the primary cause of the decrease in diversity. Nonetheless, for organisms in the marine fossil record, an increase in biodiversity typically precedes extinction, while speciation— the formation of new species as a process of evolution— occurs due to many niches being emptied at once. Increased extinction rates are generally accompanied by increased origination rates which produce new species. This biological evolution is due to competition and predation, interactions that affect species’ population size, density, and geographic range (Alroy, 2008). To conclude, the late Devonian period in which Stigall focused her research witnessed low global biodiversity and, through evidence supported by others’ research, it was subsequently followed by high

The pattern recorded here is “Zonation”, we see that the Cellana Radians are found further down the rock shore, in low tidal zones while the Cellena Ornata are found up the shore. This investigation will focus on why certain limpets are found in different zones, through the different biotic and abiotic features present.

Its past occurrence is recognized by unusual patterns of drainage, changes in accumulating sediment, and cyclic patterns of sediment deposition”(Pederson 1).

The justice system is the structure that promotes the rule of law. A court’s role is to interpret and apply the law that the legislature executes. Courts implement the law to distinct controversies presented before them. They resolve conflicts between companies, people and government entities, however, not all outcomes are just and fair. The message of the film InJustice is to show how the class action lawsuit was cautiously managed by a small group of lawyers who manipulated their clients, procedures, and the legal process to profit from Fortune 500 corporations. The film portrays the rise and fall of lawyers such as William Lerach, Richard Scruggs, and Melvyn Weiss.

Proxy data is preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements. Some of this data includes ice cores, tree rings, coral reefs, and ocean sediments. For example, corals build their bodies with calcium carbonate that contains trace metals and isotopes of oxygen that can be used to determine the temperature of the water the corals grew in. Therefore, Past Ocean Acidification is often inferred from a decrease in the accumulation & preservation of Calcium Carbonate in marine sediments, possibly indicated by an increased degree of fragmentations of foraminiferal shells because geochemical proxy observations are still lacking (Green, et al.,

The plane of injustice can be, and is, very vast. It is found every day in varying places and quantities. I perceive injustice as a form of one being cheated, conned, or robbed of what they deserve, quite often because the party on the other end of the stick as justice, believing that they are giving the victim what they deserve.

Similar fluctuations in deep water formation during interglacials have been recorded in the Southern Ocean (Hayes et al. 2014). A peak in authigenic uranium was recorded in Southern Ocean sediments, at OPD site 1094, 127,000 years ago, during Marine Isotope Stage 5 (Hayes et al. 2014). At the beginning of this interglacial period, ~135,000 years ago, a sharp increase in biogenic opal flux was recorded, reflecting an increase in productivity in the Southern Ocean (Hayes et al. 2014). Oxygenation of the deep water increased with increasing Southern Ocean overturning, leading to a gradual reduction in authigenic uranium concentrations (Hayes et al. 2014). The authigenic uranium peak recorded at ~127,000 years ago, Marine Isotope Stage 5e, was

Mussel Mytilus Californianus are a part of a benthic invertebrate populations along wave-exposed intertidal coast lines of western United States. Mussels are in the family of the most endangered species in America, with over 70% of the taxa being considered threatened (Williams, 2011). This can be partially attributed to the fact that they are heavily impacted by both abiotic and biotic factors on regional and greater geographic scales. Biotic and abiotic factors manipulate species geographical boundaries such as tide height and latitudinal distribution (Sorte & Hofman, 2005).

These invertebrates include ‘Serpulids, Branchiopods, Sponges, Ascidians, Bivalves, Echinoids and Benthic foraminifers.’ (书) these benthic invertebrates have contributed an important role in cool-water carbonate environment. As the pure carbonate accumulated in a distinctive shallow water, this environment is based on the influence of the assemblage of coralline algae and the beneath invertebrates, which were swept into shoals by the strong tidal

The Portuguese Azores archipelago (36°55’-39°45’ N, and 25°-31°15’W) comprises nine islands and several islets in the North Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1). The islands are of volcanic origin, having arisen along sea-floor fracture zones as the Eurasian, African and North American tectonic plates rifted apart. The oldest rocks in the archipelago are found on the easternmost island, Santa Maria, and date to 8.12 million years ago (Azevedo and Ferreira, 2006). Owing to their volcanic origin, the islands of the Azores are pock-marked with craters and calderas. Soils are generally young andisols, formed under the humid climate on relatively recent lava flows, and pyroclastic deposits (Dias, 1996).