Holococcus Research Paper

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A streptococcus (GAS), is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that most commonly causes respiratory disease, including pharyngitis or tonsillitis, as well as skin infections such as impetigo and cellulitis. The organism is transmitted via respiratory droplets or by contact with fomites, and commonly infects young children. In addition to the common clinical presentations associated with S. pyogenes, some individuals develop the postinfectious sequelae of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Due to the severity of these medical consequences, prophylactic antibiotic use is often recommended for any patients with otherwise mild S. pyogenes infections (21).

If a streptococcal infection such as pharyngitis or scarlet fever is left untreated, there is a small (~3%) chance that within approximately 20 days, the patient will present with rheumatic fever. After the first bout of rheumatic fever, if the host acquires a second untreated S. Pyogenes infection, the chance of coming down with rheumatic fever jumps substantially to ~50%. Most often this secondary disease will strike people aged 6-15 years old, roughly 20 days after the streptococcal infection, with a 2-5% mortality rate. One of the major diagnostic symptoms of this disease is Erythema Marginatum, snake- or ring-like eruptions covering the trunk, upper arms, and legs. Other symptoms include fever, arthritis (elbows, knees, wrists, and ankles), swollen joints, pain in the abdomen, nodules

Group A. Streptococcus is a bacterium that causes many different types of infections. It is believed that at least 5-15% percent of the population are carriers of Group A Strep. These carriers tend to carry the bacteria on their skin or in their throats and usually remain asymptomatic.

Strep throat isn’t the worst infection you can develop, but you’ll definitely know the difference between a regular sore throat, and the strep version. Signs and symptoms of strep throat might include:

The human immune system creates a series of responses in the body to defend the body. If a foreign organism, such as a virus or a cold invades your body, it recognizes these foreign organisms, and, in turn, attacks them to get rid of them. One can think of the immune system as an army of many cells which have set up their own bastion in the human body. They have only one job: To defend. The immune system’s cells are various kinds of white blood cells. The human body typically creates about 1000 million white blood cells on a daily basis. A group of these cells, macrophages, establish a patrol of sorts throughout the body killing germs as soon as they enter the body. However, sometimes an infection can cause the macrophages to succumb to it. The body begins to fight back with stronger T- and B-cells.

The immune system is an important and complex part of the human body, guarding it against bacteria

Every year over 96,000 people contract E.Coli, 3,200 of those people are hospitalized for E.Coli, and over 31 people die each year from E.Coli (Food News). E.Coli (otherwise known as Escherichia coli O157:H7) is a disease that is spread in many ways, the most common way being raw and uncooked food in the restaurant being served to the customer. Another way E.Coli is spread is through contact human/animal feces. E.Coli can be prevented, here are some ways to do so; Cook all meats to at least 160 degrees fahrenheit, wash your hands with warm water and soap (especially after touching raw meats), wash off all kitchen supplies thoroughly, use only pasteurized dairy and juice products, use/drink treated water, If you travel to another country that may have unsafe water don’t use tap or ice water, avoid raw fruits and veggies (Web MD).

Rheumatic fever is a disease that can occur following an infection caused by the Group A streptococcus bacterium. If untreated, an infection such as ‘strep throat’ may lead to a delayed complication featuring widespread inflammation in other parts of the body, particularly the joints, heart, skin and brain.

I decided to look at the bacteria Streptococcus for my paper. I chose this particular bacteria because my daughter just got over having strep throat and I have been told that I may be a carrier of it. Strep throat is caused by the bacteria Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Group A). I will tell you in this paper what the signs and symptoms, ways it is diagnosed, and treatment options are for group A streptococcus more commonly known as Strep Throat.

Strep Throat is an infection of the tonsils and pharynx. Its symptoms include: sore throat, high fever, chills, headache, swollen lymph nodes and trouble swallowing. This disease usually effects school aged children. It is very contagious, and is spread through close contact with those individuals coughing and sneezing. Once strep is identified as the pathogen, with a rapid strep test, the doctor will prescribe a drug in the penicillin family as treatment. Penicillin attacks the cell wall of the bacteria as it is trying to replicate. This decreases the amount of new bacteria forming in the body, giving the immune system time to attack the foreign agent.

The bacteria is not pathogenic on its own, however produces protein-toxins indirectly, disrupting the host. The bacteria mainly affects the respiratory system of the nose, causes dermal infections. This is one of the most common infections found in hospitals, which is spread by healthcare workers acting as carriers for Staphylococci aureus. Staphylococci aureus has a thick cell wall, making it hard for a body’s immune system to destroy it, and has become commonly resistant to antibiotics, leaving a need to newer generations as it evolves

Skin infections vary and consist of boils, impetigo, cellulitis, and Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. In regard to food poisoning, you may notice nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration or low blood pressure. Bacteremia is when the staphylococcus enters your blood, this can affect your internal organs, bones, muscles, and any artificial technology that aids in the function of your body. Toxic shock syndrome can cause fever, nausea, vomiting, a rash on the palms of your hands and the bottom of your feet, confusion, muscle aches, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Septic arthritis can cause swelling of joints, pain in joints, and fever. If symptoms such as pus-filled blisters, fever, or painful irritated skin you should consult your doctor immediately. If staph bacteria ends up occupying your blood, an infection that affects your whole body may emerge. This is called sepsis, which can cause septic shock, extremely low blood pressure this can cause respiratory failure, heart failure, stroke, failure of other organs, and

Streptococcus pyogenes is a very common bacteria found in humans. It is very transmissible and can be caught through the air via coughing or sneezing. This form of Strep. illness is referred to as Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as Strep. throat, which can complicate into Scarlet Fever. It is also possible to be infected through abrasions of the skin, which can result in cellulitis, impetigo, or even necrotizing fasciitis. Aside from human to human contact, these bacteria can also be found in unpasteurized milk. There is no vaccine for Streptococcal infections, though antibiotics such as penicillin still work very well against them.

Symptoms and signs of Group A streptococcal disease are variable and are related to the body area that is undergoing the infection; for example this infection can produce many different signs and symptoms: from having just a little redness in the throat, sore throat irritation with swallowing, white patches on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes on the neck, fever; pharyngitis with fever and white patches on tonsils, having strep throat/tonsillitis, to low blood pressure and organ failure.

When pregnant, women want to avoid contracting Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus Agalacitae. Group B Streptococcus is gram-positive and has no symptoms. Group B Streptococcus is usually found in the intestines. It can be treated with antibiotics, and can cause pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, even death. However, Group B Streptococcus is not the same as Group A Streptococcus, which causes strep throat. The reason pregnant women do not want Group B Streptococcus while they are pregnant is because during their delivery, GBS can be contracted by the baby. Group B Streptococcus is a major cause of neonatal and maternal death in women and babies due to this issue.