Homan Time Out Analysis

‘Through the actor’s performance skills, not only his or her role, but the roles of other characters with whom the protagonist interacts must be brought to life by the audience’ (Mackenzie, D., 1996:47). which has been established through the distinct style of each monodrama. Leah Purcell in Box the Pony performs a range of individual characters, switching from one character to the other giving the audience a deeper insight of the key people in Leah Purcell’s life. In the field of monodramas, no other genre depends so much on a single actor wherein ‘Monodramas can easily suffer from a narrowing of focus and a lack of variety in the range of experience which they portray.’ (Mackenzie, D., 1996:47).

Social exchange theory includes the following concepts: success, stimulus, value, deprivation, satiation, aggression, and approval. Homans defined each of these concepts explicitly in his book and various articles. The success concept which he defines is the principle of reward. (Homans, 1983, p. 33) While stimulus is defined when a stimulus presents itself and it resembles a previously rewarded activity, that individual is likely to repeat that action again. (Homans, 1950, Chapter 4) Homans defined value as a system of rewards and punishments. (Homans, 1983, p. 32) Deprivation and satiation was defined as the more often a reward has recently been received, the less valuable further rewards become. And if forced for a long time to go without a certain reward, an individual will lose interest and move on. (Homans, 1983, p. 33) Lastly, aggression and approval falls under the principle of distributive justice. When behavior does not receive the expected reward the response is anger. Yet, when the individual receives a greater reward than what is expected or does not receive punishment he will be pleased. (Homans, 1950, Chapter 4).

You are correct, many parents, including myself, have incorrectly used time out, which as you say was originally intended for a child to get a break from the situation that caused the unacceptable behavior, to allow the child to recompose his or herself from being overwhelmed for a few seconds, not for several minutes. I too concur with Emily, I too disliked suspension, as well as never understanding the concept because children would miss days from school and the opportunity to learn as well as being sent home, defeat the purpose, thus, never achieving the full sense of being punish from a suspension.

Social media is considered to be “websites and applications that allow individuals to participate in social networking” (Spies Shapiro, 2014). Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical theory suggests that life is like a play in which people are the actors. Through social media it can be possible that some may learn how to play their role/identity through the socialization of others. In recent years, social media has changed dramatically, allowing individuals to share feelings, ideas,

will not be repeated unless it is reinforced by being rewarded in some way. Then in 1964 Peter Blau published his book titled “Exchange and Power in Social Life” (Blau, 1964). Peter Blau put more emphasis on technical economic analysis. “Groups are held together by exchange of benefits in a manner analogous to that in which an economy is held together by mutual advantage in exchange” (Spread, 1984, p. 157). George Homans theory focused upon the psychology of behavior. Before going off to war Mr. Homans began to work on a classification system of naming the variables of his model. “My first sketch of my three-fold classification first appeared in the last chapter of my English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century(1941), where it was wholly out of place…”(Homans, 1983, p. 16). He continued to work on this while in the Navy and during a lull in activity wrote them out “…interaction, sentiment, and activity. An intellectual boundary might be drawn around any social system such as a group. Within this boundary the three classes of variables were mutually dependent on one another in the behavior of the members”(Homans, 1983, p. 17). After the war Mr. Homans returned to Harvard, being offered an Associate Professorship prior to his leaving the service. He

Role Performance / pg. 111: The ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular “style” or “personality”.

George Homans (1974) had the theory of Stimulus proposition under the social exchange theory that says, “If in the past

In his book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman (1959) focuses on the self as a staged production in which people actively present themselves to different audiences one encounters. To bolster his conceptualization, Goffman used an interesting metaphor of “all the world’s a stage” (1959, 254). This, he terms as a “dramaturgical approach” (Goffman 1959, 240) in which an actor puts on a show for others; drawing analogies between human behaviors and the theater. Goffman (1959) likens the individual to an actor on stage performing for and with other individuals involved in the situation. Three types of space exist for the actor to perform on, to enact the self, and to interact with others: the front stage, the backstage, the outer region. Goffman (1959) utilizes specific dramaturgical terms such as performance, teams, front and back regions, sign-vehicles, and highlights the process of dramatic realization. These terms will be discussed in the following sections.

    The literary technique of characterization is often used to create and delineate a human character in a work of literature. When forming a character, writers can use many different methods of characterization. However, there is one method of characterization that speaks volumes about the character and requires no more than a single word - the character's personal name. In many cases, a personal name describes the character by associating him with a certain type of people or with a well known historical figure. Therefore, since the reader learns the character's name first, a personal name is a primary method of characterization; it

Understands to integrate cultural and historical contexts with personal experiences to create a character that is believable and authentic, in a theatre work.

While in the front stage the performer is aware that they are acting in front of people and acts appropriately to the given situation. But

People no longer have a front or back stage because of social media’s way of creating a new image for a person, so the front and back stage is no longer needed when interacting with someone. The person no longer has to think of what to say on the spot, rather they can now say whatever they want on social media without feeling uncomfortable. Goffman’s analysis of the dramaturgical approach is an excellent method to analyze Hampton’s assessment because we can also refer to people using social media as “actors”. These actors aren't being themselves on social media and are lacking actual social interactions. By analyzing the dramaturgy, Goffman expresses that now our fantasies could be made real by using special staging techniques to maintain a real world scenario on social media (2/10). This way of interaction makes the media user want to present a self that can be accepted by others. This may be the case, because in real life a person may portray as being shy and not very outspoken but on social media they talk to everyone and this form of social interaction may be more comfortable for them. This may the be their actual “self” but people do it to set an image that people will

The sociological concept ‘dramaturgy’, developed by Irving Goffman (1922 – 1982), was initially used in his book The Presentation of the Self (1959). Dramaturgy uses the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain social interaction and social roles. Like actors in a play, people play roles, working together to up hold various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. Key components of this theory are ‘front and back’ and ‘impression management’, which enable analysis of how identities are presented and understood through symbols, and the differing ways people behave when they are in and out of role: enabling preparation and reflection, and ability to

Nearly every character in the play at some point has to make inferences from what he or she sees, has been told or overhears. Likewise, nearly every character in the play at some point plays a part of consciously pretending to be what they are not. The idea of acting and the illusion it creates is rarely far from the surface -

Ever since I took drama classes in high school I felt that we always put on an act. A show almost, that we put out for the people we interact with daily. Erving Goffman, “Canadian-American Sociologist” (Encyclopedia In., 2017) also believed this, he compared social interactions to the theater, where individuals take a particular role. According to Goffman this “theatrical metaphor consists of a stage, actors, and an audience” (Crossman, 2014). It also consists of the onstage, backstage and offstage. These three stages show different behavior on a person.