Homeostasis: White Blood Cells

a. Which presynaptic cell must have action potentials to produce one or more action potentials in the postsynaptic cell?

B. The lungs depend on the water we drink to assist in providing oxygen to the  cells in our body.

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.Sypnaptic transmission is the method in which obe nerve cell communicate to another nerve cell .The communication between nerve cells is done by branching or processing the nerve cell singnals that are passed by t have e nerve cell body or "soma", dentristes, and electrical axon or chemical signals

The main components of the synapses are as follows: The Axon terminal, found at the end of the Axon, passes neurotransmitters to other neurons via synaptic transmission. Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitters within the Axon. Neurotransmitters themselves are chemical messengers that travel through the neurons and activate receptors on the receiving cell. The neurotransmitters are diffused through the synaptic cleft—a region between the two neurons and gap the neurotransmitter needs to cross to make it to the receiving cell. Said receiving cell is what receives the neurotransmitters and starts the process over again. The receptors on the cell are structures that receive the neurotransmitters and

24.Which of the following are common means by which binding of an intercellular chemical messenger with a cell’s receptor brings about an intracellular response?

Transmission occurs when the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. A-delta and C fibres release

Production of H+ will cause plasma pH to fall below 7.4. Normally, increases in H+ concentrations are buffered mostly by haemoglobin, however buffers can only resist small changes in pH. The HCO3- levels increase slightly, but are likely to still remain within normal levels of 22 to 26 mEq/L. This is because equilibrium changes in concentrations is slight compared to the large compensatory changes (1). Renal mechanisms can assist in excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-.

Whether the outcome of synaptic transmission will be excitatory or inhibitory depends on the type of neurotransmitter used and the ion channel receptors they interact with. Excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate the brain and increase the likelihood that the neuron will produce an action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters do not stimulate the brain and decrease the likelihood that the neuron will create an action potential. An action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell quickly increases and decreases, following a consistent trajectory.

As the message arrives at the end of the nerves, the message is transmitted to the muscles. Before the message is transmitted to the muscles it has to pass the space between the end of the nerve and the muscle, and that space is called neuromuscular junction. The message is transmitted from the brain to the end of the nerve and from the nerve to the neuromuscular junction, and when the message arrives the chemical called neurotransmitters are released.

The first is a chemical buffer, the second line of defence is the respiratory system, and last is the urinary system. These three mechanisms work together to keep body pH within that narrow range. However our bodies are very sensitive to pH levels, so strong mechanisms are in place to in place to regulate it. If pH rises or falls outside acceptable ranges for a specific part of the body, proteins and enzymes may become denatured and lose their ability to function. This could lead to serious damage or death. That is why it’s absolutely essential that our body has a homeostatic mechanism to regulate the correct acid-base balance. One mechanism the body uses to control blood pH involves the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs. Carbon dioxide, which is mildly acidic and is a waste product of the metabolism of oxygen which all cells need and is constantly produced by cells. As with all the waste products, carbon dioxide gets excreted into the blood. The blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is exhaled. As carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, the pH of the blood decreases (acidity increases). The brain regulates the amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled by controlling the speed and depth of breathing. The amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, and consequently the pH of the blood, increases as breathing becomes faster and deeper. By adjusting the speed and depth of breathing, the brain and lungs are able to regulate the blood pH minute by minute. The kidneys are able to affect blood pH by excreting excess acids or bases. The kidneys have some ability to alter the amount of acid or base that is excreted, but because the kidneys make these adjustments more slowly than the lungs do, this compensation generally takes several

When a neuron sends a signal down it’s axon to communicate it is called an action potential. The action potential can reach the end of the axon at the presynaptic terminal. The synaptic gap between the axon and the dendrite of any nearby neuron, and the message sent by the action potential must cross the synaptic gap in order for the message to be sent on to the next neuron. The postsynaptic terminal is where this message flows to the next

As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.

(3) At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close.

The axons of our neurons are the pathway for the communication that exists in our nervous system. This communication takes the form of an electric signal, also called an action potential. The action potential occurs due to a change in voltage across the membrane of the axon. The change in voltage is achieved by a change in the concentrations of the ions, Na+, Ca+, and K+(1) . The cell starts with a large concentration of potassium ions, K+, inside the cell, and a large concentration of sodium ions, Na+, outside the cell. The action potential propagates down the axon due to openings and closing of different channels allowing changing of the concentrations of the ions(10).

Responsible for this process are ion channels, ubiquitous proteins that reside in membranes of excitable cells and convert chemical and electrical stimuli