Homeostatic Balance

Negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin because when the body doesn't produce enough insulin it takes glucose from the

All living things strive towards one goal: homeostasis. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium reached through physiological processes. In order to maintain homeostasis, living things use cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to counteract physical changes. Using a variety of different tissues, organs are formed to accomplish specific tasks. The four main types of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Several sublevels exist for each type of tissue.

As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.

Insulin and glucagon are vital hormones in every human’s body. Before studying how these hormones relate and work together, what they are must first be determined. An antagonistic hormone is a type of hormone that acts to return body conditions back to the acceptable limits from opposite extremes (“Antagonistic Hormones”). Insulin is a hormone that tells cells throughout the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream, and glucagon is a hormone that works to balance the actions of insulin; they are antagonistic hormones (Morris). In this paper, the correlation between these hormones will be examined, how they benefit the body, and what

This ensures that the blood glucose levels are maintained so that the glucose levels don’t fluctuate significantly. As a result of out of control blood glucose, it can lead to serious short term problems such as Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, or Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. However long term effects of uncontrolled blood glucose can cause the blood vessels that supply blood to important organs such as the heart, eyes and nerves to become damaged. Homeostasis refers to the physiological state of the body despite fluctuations that occur in the external environment. It requires coordination of the Hormonal Regulatory System and Nervous System, which are constantly adjusted in response to changes in external and internal environments. Blood glucose homeostasis allows energy to be available to the cells whenever it is needed. The liver also has a role in the carbohydrate conversions. We use the homeostatic negative feedback system to stop the secretion of the peptide hormones insulin and

Homeostasis mechanisms assist the body in maintaining a consistent internal environment even when external conditions are changing. For instance, during exercise the respiratory and circulatory systems main function is to maintain homeostasis. The feedback mechanism can either be positive or negative. A negative feedback mechanism is a stabilizer in correcting and returning to its natural state. Thermoregulation regulates the body’s temperature; this is controlled by negative feedback. Blood sugar levels are regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Diabetes mellitus is a life

Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys. (Columbia, 2015)

Within the pancreas endocrine cells are formed into islets, which are clusters of endocrine cells. These islets secrete insulin and glucagon, which are the blood glucose regulating hormones. Insulin is released from these islets when the blood glucose levels are too high. It activates muscle tissue and fatty tissue to take in extra blood sugar to help compensate for the high levels in the blood. When the levels are too high, the glucose can’t enter the cells and be used for energy. Glucagon is released when the blood glucose level is too low and helps the body release stored sugar into the blood. If blood glucose gets too low, then the body can’t function right. (“Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas”). Of these two hormones insulin is the more important of the two in regards to affecting glucose levels and with helping with the negative feedback loop for regulating blood glucose levels.

Approximately 90% of the pancreas is exocrine. The remaining approximate 10% of the pancreas acts as an endocrine gland that consists of around a million pancreatic islets called the islets of Langerhans. Inside the islets are three main types of cell that detect the amount of glucose in the blood: alpha, beta and delta cells. Situated mostly around the outside of the cell are alpha cells, mainly towards the centre are beta cells, and scattered throughout in a limited number are delta cells. The pancreas secretes a number of hormones that help with the stasis of blood-glucose levels in humans including antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as somatostatin. A hormone is a chemical messenger which is made in glands and carried around the body in the bloodstream to coordinate many body processes. Blood glucose homeostasis regulation is a form of negative feedback which is a self-correction mechanism of the body. This means that if an individual is hyperglycaemic, insulin output increases and glucagon output

Homeostasis is the stoppage of bleeding or hemorrhage. Homeostasis bleeding can also referred to the stoppage flow through the body or the organs. During homeostasis the vessel was close and become constricted. The word homeostasis comes from the Greek root heme meaning blood, stasis meaning to halt. You can apply thrombin to release the vessels. Other mechanisms that form from homeostasis are vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation and clotting of the blood.

Low blood glucose levels are detected by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, which respond to hypoglycaemic stimuli by producing the hormone glucagon. Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone that acts in an antagonistic way to insulin, causing blood glucose levels to rise and promote processes that spare glucose utilisation. It has a powerful effect on the liver which stimulates the production of glucose from stored glycogen and amino acids. The insoluble glycogen molecules found in muscle and liver cells is able to be converted back into soluble glucose molecules which then dissolves into the bloodstream, rising blood glucose levels, and glucagon therefore having a hyperglycaemic effect on the body. This process is called gluconeogenesis.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to breakdown glucagon and fixes certain Nan carbohydrates, including amino acid, into glucose. This increases the blood sugar concentration very efficiently. Glucagon secretin prevents hypoglycaemia since happening when glucose concentration is comparatively small (Moini, n.d.). Insulin work in a manner opposite of glucagon, it decrease blood glucose concentration endorses amino acid transport into cells, increase protein synthesis, and stimulates cells to make and store fat. Insulin secret decrease as glucose concentration

Blood glucose regulation is an example of homeostasis in humans as the concentration of glucose in the blood has to be homeostatically regulated. To achieve homeostasis blood glucose concentration in a healthy individual must be between 70 and 100 mg per 100 cm3 of blood. If blood glucose level exceeds the normal concentration and becomes abnormally high it is called hyperglycaemia. In contrast, if blood glucose goes below the minimum concentration and becomes abnormally low it is called hypoglycaemia. Therefore glucose must enter and exit the blood at equal rates to maintain a stable blood glucose level. A number of hormones regulate the balance between these processes and are secreted by the adrenal glands and pancreas.

The sugar content in blood rises following a meal. Receptors subsequently react to this change. In a non-diabetic, the pancreas secretes insulin into the blood designed to lower blood sugar levels as a response to the rise. Once blood sugar levels reach normal levels, the release of insulin ceases. This process is referred to as ‘homeostasis. Insulin release also stimulates glucose stores in the liver forming glycogen. Gglucose can also affect osmosis and respiration.

Normal blood glucose level is around 90mg/100ml[11]. This level can be imbalanced in excess or a deficit, but in a normal functioning body, the levels will return back to normal quickly by influence of the pancreas. The pancreas contains alpha and beta cells that are responsible for secreting glucagon and insulin, respectively[11]. Of interest to the pathophysiology of diabetes, is the role insulin plays in the regulation of blood glucose. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated, insulin is secreted from the pancreas and is circulated throughout the blood stream. Insulin lowers blood glucose by enhancing transportation of glucose across cell membranes, especially muscle and fat cells[11]. Also, insulin is responsible for inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose as well as the conversion of amino acids and fats into glucose to help lower blood glucose levels[11]. At the cellular level, insulin activates its receptor, which starts the cascade eventually leading to increased glucose uptake.