How Archaea Work in Symbiotic Relationship in the Digestive Tract of Termites

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

According to Margulis, the pre-eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, but rather than digest and kill the bacterium, a symbiotic relationship was born. This relationship, the aerobic bacterium provided energy through ATP and the eukaryotic cell provided an environment to live while protecting the new symbiont from harm in environmental factors such as oxygen. Because almost all living eukaryotes have a mitochondria, it is safe to assume that this event happened before plants and animals split in the evolutionary lineage.After this first evolutionary leap came a

On the earth, millions of organisms live in various environments. They need certain temperature, pH, nutrient growth, certain range of salt, pressure, water and so on. However, some organisms can live beyond these conditions which mean they can survive in extreme environmental conditions called Extremophiles (Gupta, Khare et al., 2014). These extreme environments are: highly pressure, acidic or alkaline region, high temperature or extreme low temperature condition. These organisms have different characterisation and biochemical mechanism for tolerating some environmental conditions on the earth. They adopt to live in extreme condition by different enzymes or biomolecules. There are different types of Extremophiles. For example, thermophiles, acidophiles, barophiles, radiophiles, halophiles, xerophiles, osmophiles. There are two main types of extreme conditions: physical (radiation, Temperature, pressure) and geochemical (pH, salinity). These microorganisms found in various typical environments on the earth. Some grow in the deep sea where the pressure is very high and some can survive in Antarctica, the place always having ice and glaciers. Extremophiles can tolerate extreme conditions but also they have to need those environments for their growth. Extremophiles organisms present in all three domains bacteria, archaea and eukarya but most of extremophiles are come from archaea group. Archaea have

Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a

In the 1990s, further research in comparative genomics of bacteria and archea showed that in prokaryotic genomes, a majority of genes were acquired

Since they do not contain a nucleus they would be in the prokaryotic domain. They would need to be from the kingdoms Bacteria Specifically Eubacteria. They use photosynthesis to produce their own food. This animal is most likely Prochlorococcus. This is the most abundant photosynthetic cell in the ocean. Another one is cyanobacteria or blue green algae, but they are prokaryotic unlike algae. They could be grouped by their shapes like cyanobacteria are spherical, rod, and spiral. They can also be grouped as photosynthetic since they have

6. What kingdom are algae classified? The classification of algae is not yet settled, however, there are different divisions of kingdoms. Chlorophyta (Green Algae), Kingdom Rhodophyta (Red Algae), Halophyte (Brown Algae), Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms) What domain? Eucaryotes-eucaryotic photosynthesizers (plants) Algae are classified by their photosynthetic absorption spectra.

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, which are mostly single-celled incomplex microorganisms. Both Bacteria and Archaea have a variety of prokaryotes classified in multiple kingdoms (Reece, et al., Campbell Biology, 2014). There are a number of scientists who believe that Archaea cells may be the precursor to Eukaryotic cells and that they have more in common with Eukaryotes than Prokaryotes (Madigan, Martinko, & Dunlap, 2009).

Microscopic  organisms  known  as  cyanobacteria are  interesting  for  the  following  reasons: [SELECT  ALL  THAT  APPLY] Select  one  or  more: A.  Oxygen  produced  by  their  photosynthesis is  thought  to  be  responsible  for  the  "great oxygenation  event"  about  2.3  billion  years ago.   B.  The  methane  they  produce  is  a greenhouse  gas  that  could  have  helped warm  the  early  Earth,  helping  to  resolve  the Early-­faint-­Sun  paradox. C.  The  chloroplasts  that  carry  out photosynthesis  in  green  plants  are evolutionary  descendents  of  early cyanobacteria.   D.  They  are  known  to  be  the  earliest  forms of  life  on  Earth.

There are tiny creatures called extremophiles that live here. Inside the creature's cell membrane, they have specially adapted structures. These structures pump out acidic substances allowing these microorganisms to thrive.

Archaea is a group of single celled prokaryotic organism where they have lack of defined nucleus, it have the distinctive molecular characteristics that separating them from bacteria that are categorize more prominent group of prokaryotes as well as Eukaryotes that have defined nucleus and can be found in plants and animals. Archaea itself is derived from the Greek word Archaios, meaning “Ancient” or “Primitive” that’s why archaea exhibit characteristic worthy of it name. Member of archaea include: Pyrolobus fumarii, which can live in the high temperature environment up to 113 °C (235 °F) and they can be found living in hydrothermal vents. Species of Picophilus, that can be isolated from acidic soil and they are well

Prokaryotic Cells All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, and do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic means 'pre-nucleus' and eukaryotic means 'true nucleus'.

Prokaryote cells - bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitive life on earth.

Eukaryotes come in two grades of organization: single-celled (protists) and multicellular (plants, animals, and fungi). The world today is full of complex multicellular plants and animals: how, why, and when did they evolve from protists?

Primarily, the Archaea were once believed to be just another rare group of bacteria, because like bacteria, they are single-celled microscopic prokaryotic organisms with no membrane bound nucleus (http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution/archaeaevolution.htm). Despite the similarities in the cell structure of Eubacteria and Achaea, molecular research by Dr Carl Woese and his co-workers indicated that they differ significantly on the molecular level (Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and medicine, Paul singleton). In this essay, am going to discuss the differences and similarities in the fundamental cellular feature of both organisms.