How Arthrobacter Is A Dominant Genus Of Bacteria Found From Soil From All Over The World

There are many differents ways to identify a bacterial unknown and many different situations where identification would be beneficial. One way to identify bacterial unknowns is to perform biochemical tests. In this experiment multiple biochemical tests were done, by performing these tests on the bacterial unknown received the two different bacteria were then identified. The citrate test is done to test the ability of organisms to use citrate as a carbon source. This test uses Simmons citrate agar, the agar contains sodium citrate as the only carbon source and has bromothymol blue as the pH indicator. The organisms that use citrate as a carbon source use the enzyme to transport the citrate into the cell. The cells converts ammonium dihydrogen

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

Bacteria are single celled organisms. Some classify them as a separate (fourth) kingdom on the tree of life.

Often scientists work with bacteria that do not come in a labeled test tube— for example, bacterial samples taken from infected human tissue or from the soil—and the scientist must then identify the unknown microorganism in order to understand what behavior to expect from the organism, for example, a certain type of infection or antibiotic resistance. However, because of the relatively few forms of bacteria compared to animals and because of the lack of bacterial fossil records due to their asexually reproductive nature, the taxonomy used to classify animals cannot be applied to bacteria (Brown 275). In order to classify unknown bacteria, a variety of physiological and metabolic tests are available to narrow a sample down from the fathomless number of possibilities into a more manageable range. Once these tests have been performed, the researcher can consult Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, a systematically arranged and continually updated collection of all known bacteria based on their structure, metabolism, and other attributes.

Bacteria is a single celled organism, bacteria have evolved to thrive in almost any environment and can be found in almost any substance/surface and also in the human body, only 1% of bacteria is actually harmful.

“Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828-1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology” Depatment of University of Memphis. 2004. Retrieved on January 16, 2014 from pnf.org: http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf

The ten most abundant bacterial families detected in our study were Koribacteraceae (Acidobacteria), Acidobacteriaceae (Acidobacteria), Sphingobacteriaceae (Bacteroidetes), Geobacteraceae (proteobacteria), Auto67-4W (Pedosphaerae), Acetobacteraceae (proteobacteria),

It is a gram-positive soil organism. Arthrobacter sp. will grow and divide in nutrient- rich soil. They are rod- shaped, tan to yellow in color, and smooth and glossy in colonies. Under normal conditions, they can grow rapidly and divide once every 2-3 hours (Poxleitner, M, et al). This bacterium is tolerant to multiple metals and it is extremely resistant to elevated concentrations of chromate It is also used in the number of carbon sources for growth including glucose, fructose, lactate, succinate, malate and hydrocarbons (Nakatsu, C, et al). In the SEA Phage Project, Arthrobacter sp. would be helping to create more bacteriophage to continue on completing the main objective of this

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

The objective of this experiment is to identify the organisms of two unknown bacterial cultures. Students must identify the species of the unknown bacteria by utilizing the techniques and information learned in previous laboratory exercises. These techniques include streaking for isolation, Gram staining, and specific biochemical tests. Students are given a map known as a dichotomous key, a guide in determining the identity of their unknown sample.

On June 25th, 2015 I chose the test tube labeled #19. This test tube contained an unknown bacterium, and the purpose was to determine the unknown bacterium by the end of the semester. Throughout the course, I ran a series of differential tests that would lead me to discovering the characteristics of my unknown. These tests that I will discuss in this paper are vital to understanding the biochemical mechanisms that different bacteria can perform, therefore helping me identify my bacterium based on molecular differences. During the course of this paper, I will refer to my unknown as unk#19. Also, I would note that aseptic technique was performed throughout the entire experiment and subcultures were regularly made.

(1.) Xu, W., Li, M., Ding, J., Gu, J., & Luo, Z. (2014). Bacteria dominate the ammonia-oxidizing community in a hydrothermal vent site at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the South Atlantic Ocean. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 98(18), 7993. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5833-1

Amphibacillus xylanus has the capabilities to be both anaerobic and aerobic depending on the environmental setting (Niimura et al. 1990). The EI is an obligate aerobe and grown on a TSA agar plate. Amphibacillus can become aerobic when grown on a TSA plate (Niimura and Suzuki 2015). Both the EI and Amphibacillus xylanus were negative for oxidase and catalase test (Table 4). The indicating factor for this species is its habitat. The EI and A. xylanus were each isolated from the soil (Table 4). This trait sets this species apart from the rest considering the other two species were from aquatic environments. A. xylanus motility indicated a difference from the EI. The EI was shown to have no motility and A. xylanus does have motility. Depending

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

Although both Archaeal and bacterial cells possess flagella for motility, the composition of each organism’s flagellum is very different. In bacterial cell, the flagellum is composed of a basal body, external protein filaments both are joined together by a third component called the hook.(Bacteria Flagella David Gene Morgan , Shahid Khan). In Archaeal, the protein filament is polymerised, glycosylated and very much thinner. The Archaeal flagellum is believed to be similar to the bacteria IV pilus in structure.(www.uniprot.org/keywords/974).