How Depression Is A Common But Serious Disorder

Depression is pervasive in both mental health and medical settings. In the US, the number of discharges with major depressive disorder as first-listed diagnosis was estimated 395,000 for 2010. The CDC also cites the percentage of persons 12 years of age and older with depression in any 2-week period at an estimated 8% between 2007-2010 (CDC, 2015). The American Psychiatric Associates guidelines on treatment of Major Depressive Disorder recommend the ongoing monitoring of symptoms among patients. Specifically, the APA recommends “systemically assessing symptoms of illness and the effects of treatment”. Consideration is given to matching clinical observations with clinician and/or patient administered rating scale measurements for initial and ongoing evaluation (American Psychiatric Association,

Mental disorder is a common term to refer people’s mental health conditions in Canada and internationally. People who have studied Hamlet, a play that’s written by William Shakespeare, know that Ophelia is one of the characters who suffer from a mental disorder, which known as major depressive disorder. At the beginning of the play, Ophelia’s mental state is very healthy, she falls in love with her boyfriend Hamlet, yet their relationship is controlled by her father. During the play, Ophelia experiences a transformation of her mindset, which causes by Hamlet. As the play closer to the end, the death of Polonius, father of Ophelia, makes Ophelia’s mental becomes more unstable, which leads her to suicide at the end. Thus, due to all the unhappy events that happen to Ophelia’s life all at once, the psychological harms slowly turn Ophelia becomes insane and eventually brings her to death.

Major depression is a commonly diagnosed psychological disorder affecting individuals’ ability to feel happiness and peace of mind. Those who suffer experience negative emotions, lack of motivation, changes in behaviour and dysfunctional cognitive symptoms. Depression is classified by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as five of more of the listed symptoms present persistently over the same two weeks. One of these symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities. Depression causes disruption to typical daily life such as inability to maintain friendships and jobs. Other symptoms outlined by the DSM-5 include; insomnia, fatigue and recurrent thoughts of death. There is much debate over what exactly causes depression. Biological explanations question hereditary and neurotransmitter factors. While psychological theories include the cognitive ideas of Beck’s negative triad and hopelessness theory. This essay will focus on the ways in which psychological and biological explanations contrast and how their theories can overlap to better understand depression.

DAS is recommended for this group as it is reliable and gives correct prediction and outcomes regarding depression. This assessment tool is easy to use; it is a self-report scale consisting of 40 items with each item having a statement and 7-point Likert scale. The questions used in this assessment are direct and easy making it efficient for most individuals' use (de Graaf, Roelofs, & Huibers, 2009). Besides,

Thesis Statement: Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects our mental ability. So, it’s important to understand the causes and effects of this serious mental illness.

Antidepressant medication is the most popular treatment for depression. Studies have suggested that cognitive therapy of depression might have a significant advantage over medication in preventing relapses or recurrences (Robinson, 2005). Despite the alarming prevalence of depression in society, there is yet no completely adequate explanation as to how or why it occurs (Robinson, 2005). The three major etiological models for understanding depression are cognitive models (based on the work of Beck & Ellis), biological models that link depression to variance in biochemistry (Robinson, 2005), and diathesis-stress models that view depression as the result of a complex interaction of contextual factors and intra-individual factors (Robinson, 2005). There is some evidence to suggest that once treatment-to-remission-from-depression is terminated that pharmacologically treated patients were twice as likely to relapse than patients treated with cognitive therapy (Miller, 1989). Many studies have reported evidence of negative cognitive patterns among depressed individuals. A self-deprecating style, negative attitudes toward the future and negative automatic thoughts frequently are associated with depression (Miller, 1989).

If an assessment is reliable, its results are stable and relatively true (Whiston, 2009). Utilizing the BDI-FastScreen will provide a true and stable assessment of depression in the participants. The authors of the BDI-FastScreen based its reliability on four patient groups used as normative samples (Whiston & Eder, 2003). The test manual for the BDI-FastScreen supplied limited information on the assessment's reliability, however, the coefficient alphas for the four groups were .86; .85; .88; and .86 (Hennessey & Pallone, 2003). To gauge the assessment's test-retest reliability in my study, participants will be assessed with the BDI-FastScreen upon becoming participants in the study, after six weeks, and after twelve weeks of support group participation. This will ensure the test is a reliable indication of the participants' levels of

The aim of the current study was to examine the applicability of resiliency models in explaining the prediction of depressive symptoms from rumination, and the role of agency and pathways as protective factors among Australian adults. The first hypothesis, based on the direct effects models, that high levels of rumination and that low levels of agency and pathways would be associated with high levels of depressive symptoms was supported for both men and women. The second hypothesis, based on the compensatory model, that rumination would be positively associated with depressive symptoms, while each protective factor would be negatively associated with the level of depressive symptoms, was supported for agency for both men and women, and

The realiability was not tested extensively, with only 26 people being re-tested. However, the coefficient was still high as it should have been. This is offset by the fact that the test cannot be given that much later, as the patients progress and treatment would have to be taken into account over a longer period of time. This test measures depression well and is used often to measure the depressive levels of symptoms. It is a quick and efficient way to measure depression.

Rumination is defined as repetitive, and often uncontrolled thoughts, that narrow focus on to the circumstances of depression. There are two forms of depressive rumination. Brooding rumination is when someone compares themselves to an unachieved standard, and reflective rumination is cogitatively attempting to solve a problem. In a study by Owens and Gibb (2016) they try to address the many questions linking ruminative thought to attentional biases, and specifically look into the interaction between brooding rumination’s relationship with attentional biases and state of mood. They also wanted to see if brooding rumination shows this relation in a non-depressed sample, and whether it is limited to only brooding rumination, or can it also be observed for reflective rumination as well. This study could highlight better ways of diagnosis and treatment for depressed individuals.

The descriptive statistical analyses were appropriate because it was used to cross-reference and describe the basic features of the data that were used in the study. When the researchers utilized inferential statistics, they used data from a smaller population to infer that RA is linked to depression. When the researchers examined the information received during the assessment, they concluded that although the percentage of patients experiencing depression was relatively low, there was an existing correlation. Furthermore, the researchers concluded that this percentage would continue to increase each year due to the 4% increase of depression that occurred during each year of the assessment period. Seemingly, the analysis supports the hypothesis linking depression to individuals living with

Ruminative thinking has been found to be one of the most common symptoms in patients suffering from unipolar depression due to their tendency to reflect upon themselves negatively. In this essay, the manner in which this thinking pattern has been found to worsen patients’ depressed condition is further investigated. Subsequently, a large part of it will explore research on two forms of treatment that have been tested for its work with depressive rumination, specifically, metacognitive therapy, which seeks to removing patients’ Cognitive

Depression is a serious and potentially deadly illness that is one of America 's leading causes of disability. While it requires treatment, many patients have found that they are incompatible with mainstream treatment protocols, and reports of serious side-effects from selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Zoloft and Prozac are exceedingly common. I have personally tried literally every SSRI on the market--as well as a slew of other antidepressants-- and they have all, unanimously, worsened my depression. After spending my entire childhood, adolescence, and early adult hood undergoing seventeen painstaking years of conventional treatment, I arrived at the conclusion that the natural, do-it-yourself route is more beneficial

Various studies have been conducted on understanding the nature, causes and treatment of rumination. However it is important to understand its functions in the first place. Research has shown that rumination caused by depression can have hazardous

The main dependent variable in the study is depression level (continuous dependent variable). In this paper, depression will be operationally defined as a score level of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II).