How Did Assyrians Contribute To The Expansion Of Hittites

With governmental machinery that brought political and social order to their territories, effective political and military power enabled them to build regional empires and expand their authority to neighboring people. Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were two great civilizations among the earliest to emerge in the Middle east and North Africa. Both made significant contributions in areas such as mathematics, medicine, agriculture, astronomy, technology, architecture, art and writing. They had differences as well, including their political structures. Most importantly is that Egyptians were under a centralized government, and the Mesopotamians had self-controlled city state governments.

Horrific violence, terrifying threats and public terrors strike fear into the hearts of thousands who oppose the Assyrian Empire. “An Assyrian Emperor’s Resume: Ferocious Conquests a Specialty” remains a paragon of these unspeakable tragedies transpiring around 875 B.C. Written by Ashur-Nasir-Pal II (or one of his subjects), this anecdote highlights his conquests as he claims ancient cities’ wealth, while brutally murdering foreign people and destroying their lands. Geographically, the story takes place in the Middle East, specifically North Mesopotamia. According to the author, he conquers places like Hudun, Zamua, Zamru, Iritu and Ammaru. The historical value behind this piece portrays prominent aspects of their society and depicts how Assyrians reigned, while hinting at the empire’s values; therefore, this historical account provides evidence, which exhibits the attributes of the Near East during Ashur-Nasir-Pal II’s reign.

Assyrian Laws: Assyria was a powerful city state in northern Mesopotamia. The Assyrian government was led by a king. The king ruled as the earthly representative of the god Ashur, who was their most powerful god.

The battle of Kadesh was the climax of hostilities between Egypt and Hittite, however, the battle served as the end of Egyptian expansionism in Syria-Palestine. In year twenty one of Ramesses’ reign peace was achieved between Egypt and Hittite as evident from inscriptions at the Ramesseum, the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak and a Hittite tablet at its capital, Hattusas. In contrast to the early part of Ramesses reign, the quotation reflects the peace and prosperity experienced by both Egypt and Hittite during this period and the stability that continued throughout the reign of Ramesses. The treaty led to a formation of an alliance, a mutual defence pact and a promise of no further aggression. Trading improved with the reopening of Phoenician ports and removal of barriers to the Euphrates brought renewed trading opportunities. Diplomacy and marriages where used to maintain friendly relations between the two sides. Gifts were exchanged and Nefertari and the Hittite queen Pudukhapa exchanged correspondence and gifts of jewels as evident from letters. Further evident from letters is that in year thirty four of his reign Ramesses married a Hittite princess to strengthen Egypt-Hittite relations. This was followed by another marriage to

In order for something to grow, it needs roots. The roots will soon develop and continue to grow. In relation to this statement, the Achaemenid Empire, in which lasted from 550–330 BC, began as Cyrus II, otherwise known as Cyrus the Great, had continued to conquer lands and grow his empire. By doing so, Cyrus II created the most extensive empire that has been dated throughout history. However, in order for the empire to last, it needed to continue to develop in ways that would benefit the livelihoods of the people. Based on this, the Achaemenid Empire prospered because the Persians had created a stable government, in which organized the empire, contributing to the success of the empire. Likewise, the Achaemenid Empire flourished due to its social class system, which maintained order throughout the empire, along with the completion of tasks that needed to be fulfilled in the empire. Furthermore, the Achaemenid Empire continued to thrive and prosper, due to the myriad amounts of infrastructure that the Persians were able to create and utilize.

The ancient civilization of Egypt was ruled by despotic Pharaohs who were the political and religious dignitaries of upper and lower Egypt.The kingdom of Ancient Egypt, whose people believed in a pantheon of various gods who governed the world around them,decided that the rule of the Pharaohs was justified through religious beliefs, but unlike the much later Kings and Queens of England, Pharaohs right to rule came not from approval from God, but from being considered gods themselves. Most contracts were oral agreements, sealed with a handshake or its ancient Egyptian equivalent in the presence of a few witnesses. But occasionally, permanent records were made which throw a light on the society and its sense of legality.The government of Ancient Egypt depended on two important factors; the Pharaoh and agriculture. The Pharaoh was an vital part of the Egyptian government and he appointed the other officials during most periods. The highest officials took their orders directly from the king. Agriculture was the foundation of Egypt 's economy and government. A significant treaty entitled the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, provided an atmosphere of enmity between Hatti And Egypt after a long war between the Hittite Empire and the Egyptians, who had fought for over two centuries to gain mastery over the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Although there were differences in how members of the various social classes were treated and judged, neither riches, nor nobility raised a

The trade and economy of the Egyptians were influenced by the invaders. The Hyksos brought with them the knowledge of metals, weapons, and a horse drawn cart know as and a chariot. These developments increased trade, economic expansion and the growth of cities. The trading of Bronze and Copper contributed to a major part the of the development and enlargement of Egyptian cities. Bronze and copper were used to made tools and weapons. The new technology spread by trading, traveling, conquest, and migration. The introduction of the crossbow to the Egyptians created a new revolution in

The Persian Empire overtook the weakening Babylonian empire under the rule of Cyrus and then expanded under his successors. The Persian Empire was unique in its ruling over the people that it had conquered, especially under the rule of Cyrus and Darius.1 In order to ensure that the empire would continue to flourish, in spite of its expansion and increasing size, the Persian rulers integrated the local cultures and peoples, which benefitted both the Empire and those they conquered.2 Although they were a conquered people, the Mesopotamian people, including and maybe especially Babylon, profited and prospered economically and culturally and enjoyed greater privileges politically then they could have hoped for under the ruler ship of other conquerors.

Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political rather than religious authority. Also warring Sumerian city-states, which fought for control of the river valleys in the lower Mesopotamia.

The Assyrians were very successful as empire-builders. Although the Sea People destroyed their domain a couple of times, the Assyrians still managed to revive creating the “Neo-Assyrian Empire,” in which their realm expanded especially in the Middle East and took control over Egypt. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrians were able to master the skill at using chariots and the proficiency of iron smelting. They developed iron weapons and the first true cavalry force that gave them a huge advantage over their neighbors who still used copper and tin weapons. Consequently, the Assyrians became an unrivaled power over the ancient Near East and began exploring artworks and ways they could adorn their cities. The Assyrians were also famous for building great roads that allowed them to move quickly from place to place. Likewise, they built amazing cities with fortified walls, canals,

Darius I became king in 552 B.C. He expanded Achaemenid Empire into southeastern Europe. He regulated taxation, introduced gold and silver coins, reorganized the government. The empire was divided into provinces called satrapies. The provinces were ruled by satraps.

Mesopotamia has changed so much through each king/leader of their time. Later Mesopotamia during Hammurabi was changed significantly in many ways. The economic activity was good causing trade to grow and benefit the people in Babylon, and social status was restored. Hammurapi, or Hammurabi, centralized state authority using diplomatic and military skills to become one of the strongest kings in Mesopotamia (textbook pg 94). During this time, culture was very important to the people because they valued the oral tales and written records of earlier Sumerians and Akkadians. Therefore, scribes would copy the ancient texts and preserve their traditions for generations to come (textbook pg 95). Also, during Hammurabi’s time, there was a rise in the economy because people were able to pay taxes in form of commodities such as grains, vegetables, and wool, which the entrepreneurs exchanged for silver through trades (textbook pg 95). This was a great idea because the people were able to pay with their agricultural products, and the entrepreneurs can sell or trade it for silver. This had significantly create more revenues for the state causing trade to flourish during Hammurabi’s time. The

Alexander went to Egypt, which was a part of Persian Empire. when the Persian governor

The Differences and Similarities of the Phoenicians and Assyrians The Phoenicians and Asyrians had many similarities. To begin with, the Assyrians and Phoenicians were both very successful civilizations. For example, the Assyrians became extremely powerful because of their military while the Phoenicians were very successful with trade. Another way in which they were similar is how they were able to communicate across very long distances. For instance, the Assyrians used fire towers and couriers while the Phoenicians used their trade routes and their own alphabet.

The Egyptians were not far behind the Sumerians in settling down to civilization and Empire. Like Rome they had a strong central government, a military structure, trade, a state religion and a civic structure. Rome was, however, superior to Egypt as well. Governmentally, the Pharaoh was an absolute ruler, as the Roman Emperor, but the Roman system was not reliant on a bloodline as was the Egyptian system, and was hence more likely to remain stable for long periods of time. The heir being intellectually picked and groomed greatly reducing the problems associated with hereditary rule. Militarily, Egypt was often strong enough to fight off invasion, but although they did project power, they did not conquer lands to expand their empire. Rome expanded their lands and grew more powerful, where the Egyptians seemed content with Egypt. Rome's policy of expansion helped fuel their trade routes and economy, boosting them past Egypt's limiting boarders. Egypt had a good infrastructure, largely an agrarian system of roads and irrigation, but it was nothing in comparison to the