How Did Industrialization And Collectivization

This contributed to large-scale strikes that inspired a group of intellectual Russians, founded in the concepts of Marxist socialism, to make plans for reformation. In the late nineteenth century, these workers began the process of social change in educating laborers, organizing unions, and, later on, taking revolutionary measures to improve workers’ conditions.In addition, workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the cities that were the main focus of industrial enterprises, created their own representative councils (soviets) which organized peasant uprisings, revolts of non-Russians, and student demonstrations. The cause of this unrest was largely due to the tyrannic authority of the tsar, who was a symbol of Russia’s “backwardness” in that there was no national parliament, legalized political parties, nor nationwide elections due to his absolute authority. Thus, Russia, as a response to industrialization, experienced an economic “boom” in their formation of major industries to export goods; in order to develop the new industrial centers, a middle class also grew to encompass the growth of industry. Also, due to the prominent growth of factory workers due to industrialization, revolutions occurred in order

Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin’s death in 1924. In 1928 Stalin began the First Five-Year Plan, an ambitious attempt to quickly modernize the Soviet economy. In the speech below, given in 1933 to the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Stalin explained the goals and results of the Five-Year Plan.

The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries CE, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of

The workers in the cities worked for very long hours in awful conditions, which stressed problems in the basic infrastructure of Russia and its underprivileged economic. Russia was in a mess: there was social unrest as workers grew increasingly angry with their atrocious working

The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in every sense of the word, as it altered almost every aspect of live in the nineteenth century including technology, government, communication, environment and eventually society as a whole.1 Although industrialisation created many positives for modern society, for people in Britain up to the end of the nineteenth century it had many significantly negative consequences. With the long term advances made for society came the then current development of overcrowding cities abundant with pollution, health problems and poor living conditions for the working class. These poor conditions continued into the work place with young children exploited as workers as young as the age of four or five.2 There were consequences of the Industrial Revolution for people outside of the core of Britain. India, being the periphery in the model were exploited for their raw materials which were exported to Britain.

“…the Bolsheviks, cherishing an imagined class community yet inheriting a shattered and fragmented class structure in Russia after the revolution, found themselves obliged to invent classes on the basis of Marxist theory... in that most obvious and yet least expected place, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.” (Suny 172)

Through his Five Year Plans and forced collectivization, Stalin was able to improve industry and agriculture. He did this while also using propaganda to brainwash his people into viewing him as a strong and great leader, despite some of the nasty things he did to them. The first Five Year Plan was announced in 1929. The goal of this plan was to increase Stalin’s resources by causing rapid industrialization.

A merchant reported that throughout the time period of 1850-1914, the country developed exponentially food, metal, and mining industries grew and economic reform took place just as it did in Japan with their banking system. The government and people in both Japan and Russia experienced similar industrialization growth and somewhat the same process to get

Russia was a country rich in raw materials that had been undisturbed by modern extraction and refining techniques until then, however, the majority of the countries resource rich areas were nowhere near any railways, with the bulk of the heavy materials such as steel, iron, coal and copper being in the Urals, almost 1,000km away from the nearest railway system in 1860. Oil, another key ingredient in industrialisation was almost 1,500km away to the south, in the Caucasus area3. This lack of transportation in a period when steam powered machines were producing the goods and steam powered trains were delivering them and leading the industrialisation in other countries like Britain, the USA and a future foe in Germany is an indicator of the distance that Russia was behind its rivals under the leadership of the Tsar. So the Tsar’s Russia was largely an agrarian one, but even in the agricultural sector Russia was lagging far behind the rest of the West in terms of the methods employed by farmers, little fertiliser was used and the labour saving machines used in countries with enormous agricultural output like the US were nowhere near as widespread in Russia. The weaknesses of the Tsar’s management of the agricultural sector were highlighted in 1891 when famine hit. Due to the heavy tax on consumer goods, peasants had been forced to sell more of their

New inventions revolutionized day to day life. The transcontinental railroad, the telephone, the lightbulb, and electricity were all invented during this time. Factories sprung up everywhere, especially in cities. Cities grew by up to 80% as people, mainly immigrants, flocked to fill the job openings in the factories. But the apartments and houses in the cities were not equipped to hold as many people as they were forced to. Many of these new immigrant workers were limited to the only apartments they could afford, which were run down, often with multiple families living together in unsanitary conditions. And the workplace was no better. Men, women and children employed by the factories were often abused, forced to work inhumanely long shifts, and underpaid. There was

The five-year plans were designed to combat the lack of industrialisation in the Soviet Union by increasing the output of enterprises via setting targets for the companies. If these targets were not met, due to the lawfulness of the plans, the people responsible could be treated as if they had committed ‘a criminal offence’ . Due to the fear implemented by Stalin, Russian

While discontent increased during the 1900s three major philosophies were established. The three major philosophies that were established were socialism, communism, and fascism. Socialism was never officially promoted, but the Bolsheviks, the elite group when Lenin was in power in Russia, thought socialism could be achieved by moderate reforms such as higher wages, increased suffrage, and social welfare. Communism was promoted by Lenin, his successor, and Stalin. Lenin developed the New Economic Policy, or NEP. Lenin just saw the New Economic Policy as a temporary retreat from communism. His successor put the Soviet Union back on the road to “pure” communism. Stalin developed Five-Year Plans while the Soviet Union developed a command

The intentions for the different social structures seemed to be benevolent, allowing all people to be equal, but once the institution had been established the malevolent truths of monotony became present. The Russian communism system, produced by Karl Marx’s “The Communist Manifesto,” depicts this scenario very clearly, from Russia’s recent history. The clumped masses of similar people, all providing similar products and services, were thought to allow the very upper two-hundredths percent of the population to go on with their lives as normally as possible, which in theory would allow the bottom ninety-nine percent of the population to enjoy the same luxuries as well. However, this reality, as seen from history, never occurred due to the simple fact that the Russian people had to obey to tyrannical laws that suppressed or razed any

In its first few years of communism, Russia had relatively achieved the goals that Lenin and his Bolsheviks had promised to the people; peace, land and bread. The people had their peace, and land was theirs, and there

The Bolsheviks believed they had to industrialise to achieve national strength and maintain independence. This was a shared view of non-Bolshevik predecessors such as Count Sergei Witte a former Russian minister. The Soviet Union needed a modern industry, especially a heavy industry, as there was the idea that they had to defend the revolution. They believed the Russian revolution was in constant danger from capitalist countries, which were militarily and technically far stronger than them. Then there was the belief that the building of socialism or communism involved industrialisation, and that a proletarian dictatorship was insecure so long as it ruled in an overwhelmingly peasant environment . Industrialisation was introduced to eradicate the backwardness that had plagued the country for so long so they could rise and defeat capitalism. In his speech in 1931 Stalin stated ‘we are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall go under’ and that ‘it is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak - therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty - therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you. This is why we must no longer lag behind’ . These show the need for the Soviet Union to advance and become stronger than capitalist countries. Industrialisation also allowed the Soviet