How Did Mulholland Use St. Francis Dam?

It didn't take long for the South Fork dam to become so overwhelmed that it broke and dumped water onto the town causing the deaths of 2,200 people. This was not the first problem they had with the dam though; structural problems with the dam were not a new development. Only two years after the finishing of the dam 2 leaks were discovered before the dam was even put into its full usage. They were forced to empty the dam so they could repair it. The dam suffered a major break on June 10, 1862, when the up-stream portion of the stone culvert running under the dam collapsed (Haddock, Vikki). There was little damage to property downstream, but a large section of the dam over the damaged portion of the culvert collapsed and was washed away. They dam was then closed and left with the large gap in it because of financial reasons until 1875 when the Pennsylvania Railroad sold the dam and also 500 acres to Benjamin Ruff who wanted to turn the area into a summer resort. Ruff's plan was to fill in the gap left in the dam and allow the lake behind it to refill to make a resort and the remaining water would run-off he had decided to sell the valves used to control the run-off for scrap metal (Johannson, Shelley). Ruff had hired a man to fill the gap who had some experience building railway embankments but no experience with dams. The plan was to add a double thickness of hemlock pilings was placed across

Because of the his brilliant idea, he broke “all the standard rules of the day” in its design by using steel to replace wood to build the water tower. He explained to use the eight column were better preference to four, as it can bring the task placed upon the metal of the tank shell to transmit the loads to the post well within the limits which existing structures have shown to be safe. The height and capacity of the water tower were monumental at that time, nevertheless they were considered the requirement for a thriving

were very poor, but somehow, many architectural feats were being made. The U.S. Government was still building the greatest dam in the world before the Depression, the Hoover Dam, which lasted five years to build. It takes a lot of manpower and materials for the Government to build this great dam, so they hired contractors to build it and the The U.S. provides the materials. Men of six companies were hired to build the dam in 7 years or penalties will ensue; the men were called, Six Companies, Inc. Remarkably, the contractors banded together to build the dam because of the immense size of the structure, one contractor cannot do the task alone (America's Experiences). The Dams magnificent feat in becoming USA’s greatest dam inspired the same contracting firm to work on a certain bridge in the west (Hiktzik). During the time Hoover Dam was being constructed, out in the west, another architectural feat was occurring. In 1933 San Francisco, California, construction starts on what will soon to be one of America’s greatest landmarks, The Golden Gate Bridge. One of the bridges architects, Joseph B. Strauss, a man who built many bridges across the U.S., was involved in the bridge project. Strauss and his colleagues had to deal with many problems about the bridge such as people saying it had to be impossible or it was expensive and a hazard to the environment (History.com). Once the bridge was funded with thirty-five million dollars,

He was also a designer of iron-clad gunships, a riverboat captain, and a salvage operator. “The design of the bridge did not use the popular form of construction, the truss, or even the newer suspension system. Instead used the ancient Roman arch for support” (Museum Gazette 1). Eads constructed the ironclad steamboat, the shallow-draft boats, and the first sand pump of its time. It removed the sand and silt from the bottom more effectively and easier. The original sand pump was a rope and bucket. Eads salvage company was the most successful company on the river. He also designed a surface boat, the submarine to go to the bottom of the river and retrieve sunken cargo from barges. Eads used a cofferdam to build the Western abutment and had to dig through 6o years of metal scraps. Spring floods and tornadoes affected the work on the bridge for moment at a time. The best way to build the bridge was to use a caisson to make the foundation at the bottom of the river in 80 feet of mud and 12 feet of bedrock. “The caisson was a huge rectangular box made of wood and sheeted in iron panels and stiffened with girder plates” (Bennett 111). The only way to keep water from coming into the caisson was to pump in air to equalize the pressure. The caisson had a stone foundation built around it, and then it was slowly start to sink to the bottom of the river. It had seven airlocks, where the

However, the dams were of faulty construction. Dam number one which caused the flooding was constructed of coarse mining refuse that Pittston had dumped into the Middle Fork of Buffalo Creek starting in 1968. This dam failed first on the heels of heavy rains. The water from Dam number three then took out dams number two and then number one. Dam number three had simply

These included the installation of a floating pipeline to deliver concrete to those structures located in the river itself and floating the arch to the bridge site from its riverside fabrication site.

The Water Tower was first constructed in 1876 and designed by architect William W. Boyington with the purpose of being a water pumping system for the then small town. This water system pumped water from Lake Michigan’s intake bins into the tower where it was cleaned, however this process was stopped right before the turn of the century due to pollution of the water. The water tower is made out of large limestone bricks, which made it the last surviving building during the Great Chicago Fire. The water tower is significant because it shows the strength Chicago has as a unite, under great stress.

Archeologist and historians criticize the building of the Three Gorges Dam because it is socially and environmentally destructive. This is because when the dam is finished, nearly 2 million people will have been displaced and 4000 villages, 140 towns, and 13 cities will have been swallowed up. Also, monuments, and priceless archeological discoveries of this countries culture will be lost

Damages to homes and buildings were caused by the pressure of the water pressing against the walls causing

The size limitations really affected our bridge design. We had to choose the weakest and thinnest woods to stay within the weight limit, and we chose long pieces of wood to reach across the 4 foot gap. We considered using many different materials for the bridge such as plywood, newspaper, Plexiglas and Lego, however we ended up using scarp wood from the class which we believe to be maple.

This website shows the history of the Hoover Dam. This website has tons of information pertaining to the history of the dam, including why it was built, who built it, and even multiple videos about the dam. It gives information on where the dam leads through, and other information that has to deal with the Hoover Dam. It gives specifics on who helped build it, and the difficulty in building it. This website give and in depth look into the struggles of building the dam in the videos, and in raising the money to build the dam because of the Great Depression. It gives specifics on the process of building the dam. One downside is that the website does not show a place to go if a person would like travel to the Hoover Dam. The website only shows the history of this “marvel of engineering and labor”. Overall, the website does give an abundance of information about the history of the Hoover Dam.

To provide a reliable supply of consumable water from the Potamic River to the city, the congress commissioned the construction of an aqueduct system in the year 1852. Washington Aqueduct was designed and constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The operation began in 1864. In the 20th century, filtration plants were added to the system.

3 powerhouse-dam section, utilizing an elasto-plastic FEM approach. The practices of rock and concrete were simulated by utilization of direct strong isoparametric elements, and the behaviour of rock bridges, joints and foundation surfaces were modeled utilizing quadratic joint elements. The mechanical parameters of the stone, joints, foundation surfaces, and additionally concrete utilized as a part of this numerical modeling, are the same as those embraced in the physical modeling. Considering the Drucker–Prager failure criterion yields a smooth failure surface and is quite convenient for finite element analyses, it was adopted as the plastic potential for the intact rock blocks and concrete structure The Mohr– Coulomb criterion was considered as the failure paradigm of joint elements. The shear stiffness and normal stiffness of joints are dictated by the slopes of the stress– strain curve in research center tests [19– 20]. The shear stiffness ks and normal stiffness kn of rock bridges are figured utilizing the mechanical properties of intact rocks The computational model of the dam foundation has a size of 160m in depth, 95m in length directing upstream from the dam heel and 220m in length directing downstream from the dam toe. For the boundary conditions, the normal displacement limitations were applied to the upstream and downstream boundaries of the numerical model, while a fixed displacement constraint is applied to the bottom boundary.

Aut hors Ketul Ruparelia Student, CEPT Univ ersity Dr. P V Patel Professor, Nirm a Univ ersity Bhairav Patel Structural Engineer, VMS Engineering Abst ract Progressiv e collapse is spread of an initial local structural dam age

Most dams have some seepage through or around the embankment as a result of water moving through the soil structure. If the seepage forces are