How Did Norman Foster Build Landmark Buildings

Now thats hard work and detication. The article states, "The engineers worked throughout the winter measuring, designing, and drawing." This took a lot of hard work to complete the building by spring. This is why intelligence and pysical strength is such an imortant roll in working together to create something big and by being able to get it done in time.

One of the innovations was the construction of skyscrapers. Before steel was used, a skyscraper was only considered four to five stories tall and was made out of stone. Very little light was able to get into the building because the structure would become unsafe if too many windows were put in. This made the building very dark, cold and damp. In 1885, with the innovation of steel, the first skyscraper, The Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois. This building paved the way for architects around the country to build taller and stronger skyscrapers into today’s times.

Scientific discoveries indicate to us that the sites major construction first began in approximately 3000 BC. Neolithic builders are believed to have laboured for 1500 years. We now know that the Stonehenge was built in three stages [23 & 24]:

This would take approximately 40 days using a five-day work week. I figured this out by taken each task step by step and adding them together since site preparations will take 3 days, plus setting building footers another 3 days which now equal 6 days. Then I will add the foundation 5 days, plus another 3

The Notre Dame Cathedral is certainly one of the most beautiful locations in the world, as the city of Paris as a whole and the building's surroundings contribute to making visitors acknowledge the importance of this monument. Construction on the cathedral started in 1163 and was largely finished by 1250, with most of its features emphasizing Gothic influences. The building's architecture, the sculptures present in it, and the impressive stained glass all stand as reminders that the French community invested most of its cultural values into the church at the time when it was constructed.

Question 1. Choose an architect or practice whose work is covered by or relevant to this course and discuss critically one or more of their design projects or drawings or urban proposals as precedent case-studies. Selectively situate this work in relation to their body of work, and against the practices and concerns of the period. Focus on the architectural qualities of a specific key aspect of the design of the projects. Selectively consider how they might relate to the historical situation, cultural values, theoretical concerns and design practices of the time. This may involve a selective analysis of compositional design practices, material fabrication production and the experiential reception of built outcomes of the projects.

The National Cathedral took about 83 years to build and has been astonishing ever since. It is hard to believe that something has taken that long to be built and was designed almost 100 years ago!

The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary

After the concourse, upper bowl and temporary warehouse are completed, work can start simultaneously on building the luxury boxes (90 days), installing the seats (140 days), installing the Jumbo Scoreboard (30 days), and installing the stadium infrastructure (120 days) which includes: bathrooms, lockers, restaurants, dressing rooms, media rooms, etc. Once the seats are installed then the steel canopy can be constructed (75 days) followed by the installation of the lighting and sound systems (30 days).

I also thought it was interesting to learn that the abbey church of Saint Dennis was the first introduction of Gothic architecture. Another interesting thing that I wanted to point out was, that many of the churches, including the abbey church of Saint Dennis and the Chartres Cathedral, "had lengthy construction histories" (Kleiner 379). But, one church, in particular, had a fairly quick construction time frame. The Laon Cathedral, pictured below, is an example of a church that began construction around 1160 and the construction was quickly completed, by 1200. Besides, Gothic architectural features, the Laon Cathedral also demonstrates some Romanesque features, including, "nave bays with large sexpartite rib vaults" (Kleiner 379). The textbook

This construction was started building in 1575 by Paris architect Jacques Germain Soufflot. He designed and took charge of it. This task takes during 34 years and just finished until 1791.

Paris today is known as a center of arts and rich culture both acclaimed and original. Famous moments pop up through the history of France’s art, such as the impressionistic artworks by Monet, the École des Beaux-Arts teachings of classicism, and the iconic Eiffel Tower by Stephen Sauvestre. Paris augments itself with numerous museums to catalog countless masterpieces and sculptures throughout France’s enduring, yet sometimes gritty, history. As a whole, Paris comprises of a mixture between historic architectural themes like rusticated brick clad, mansard roofs, striated columns, and a modern day architectural themes like engineered metalwork, and external program support machinery. The notion of classic French architecture, juxtaposed

It took approximately 20 months, a record time, with using 3,400 men per day to fully construct the building. (History.com) The Empire State Building’s skeleton was built at a rate of four and a half stories a week.

Architecture has been a part of humanity for almost as long as agriculture and literature, and like literature, it can be used to determine the level of a civilization. Also like how literature served the purpose of both entertainment and as a mean of transmission of culture from one generation to the next, architecture too was used for more than just infrastructure. Architecture was used as a way to influence the emotions of people. Unlike literature whose meaning may be lost in translation or be changed due to people not remembering properly as it was transfer of word of mouth, the original intent of the structure can be kept, as long as the building is properly maintained to prevent degradation.

When I read the book Seven Lamps of Architecture, John Ruskin opened my mind to the idea that a “building does not become architecture merely by the stability of what it erects”. Architecture is more than just a mere building. “Architecture is the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by man, for whatsoever uses, that the sight of them may contribute to his mental health, power, and pleasure.” (John Ruskin) Even though all architectures is buildings not all buildings are architectural.